Personal Privacy or National Security - 2424 Words

Personal Privacy or National Security William Shelton ENG122: English Composition Prof. Lisa Clark August 7, 2012 Defining National Security VS Personal Privacy is a matter of looking at the basic nature of each. From research collected there is a consensus that we need balance. Too much of one hurts the other and vise versa. There are a couple of articles that range from Civil Liberties to the birth of public right to know that support the overall claim. Talks about the effects of censorship in different situations like war and peace will help prove that a balance needs to be forged. The problem here isn’t the definition of personal vs national security, but the survival of each in light of each other. There is history in our nation†¦show more content†¦This kind of action is completely unnecessary and undermines our Fourth Amendment. National security is the ability to protect our borders through homeland security while upholding the rights of nation. Privacy when openly tampered with is distorted. Nobody acts the same knowingly being watched. Information finds another way . There have been studies on lesser issues like workers. There is more productivity when people think they are being watched. The same when our liberties are at stake. What are people to do when it’s done for the wrong reasons? Like when an African American see’s a sign that separates white and color bathrooms. Another would be when the Jews were forced to where a star then live separately in their own projects. The US jokes about our nation being like fraternity. Every new group gets picked on. The Jew’s for being good with money. The Mexicans for being illegal’s and now it’s the Arab’s turn. But Arab’s are all terrorist somehow. We have seen terror before from the Unabomber, the KKK, and columbine shooting. How do we keep up with inflation? The government finds one way to gather information and terrorist adapt. When civil liberties get trampled in the process more anti-American groups rise to the occasion creating more danger insid e America and out. A different example can be Adolf Hitler as a ruthless dictator and his main success as a dictator was propaganda. ItShow MoreRelatedPersonal Privacy Vs. National Security1348 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Privacy vs. National Security An example of history repeating itself is the similarity of the sequence of events between the Palmer Raids and the NSA’s PRISM program. Both of these events in U.S. history started with Americans calling on the government for protection. The government then responded by creating programs to protect, but while working to protect the government in both events used illegal practices. These practices soon were leaked which caused americans to not support the government’sRead MoreNational Security Vs. Personal Privacy1838 Words   |  8 Pages The topic of national security vs. personal privacy, in recent events, has been very controversial regarding which is more appropriate. On one hand, the government can search through personal, private files without any consent from the owner, thus making the information no longer private. The opposing side argues that the government is invading personal privacy of innocent civilians, violating the Fourth Amendment Rights to prohibit unreasonable searches and seizures. Both have valid points, bothRead MoreThe Invasion Of Privacy And Concern For Safety1624 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The invasion of privacy and concern for safety has been an increasing worry among people who live in the United States and across the world. The main issue is how does the government’s actions change how people view their own security and even national security. Broader theories of this research question would be how the government’s interaction with technology and security influence how people think about their own personal privacy and safety as well as our national security. Some central questionsRead MoreWhat should a person care about more, the nation or the individual? If an individual wants privacy1700 Words   |  7 Pagesthe individual? If an individual wants privacy for their personal life instead of national security, that is providing yourself with less protection. It is said that privacy is one of the cherished freedoms in our democracy. Everyone wants privacy in their life, but privacy can only go so far without having protection. National security is what keeps the United States safe. National security is the building blocks of a country, because without security anyone can take a country or destroy itRead MorePrivacy Is More Important? Privacy Or National Security?1278 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the past decade, an issue has arisen from the minds of people, on which is more important? Privacy or national security? The problem with the privacy is that people do not feel they have enough of it and national security is increasing causing the government to be less worried about the people. National security is growing out of control which has led to the decrease in people’s privacy and has created fear in the eyes of U.S. citizens. â€Å"Twelve years after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11Read MoreLack Of Privacy On The Internet1404 Words   |  6 PagesThere seems to be no legal issue today that cuts so wide a swath through conflicts confronting American society like privacy. From AIDS tests to wiretaps, polygraph te sts to computerized data bases, the common denominator has been whether the right to privacy outweighs other concerns of society. And with more and more people using the Internet, more and more information being passed over the Internet, more problems arise. The Internet has been an advantage in technology that has greatly increasedRead MoreThe Great Debate : Privacy Vs National Security1055 Words   |  5 PagesIII Honors 18 April 2016 The Great Debate: Privacy vs National Security In the digital age, the citizens of the United States are torn between which they value more: privacy or national security. On one hand, the people need to be safe from cyber attacks and terrorism, while on the other, the government should be aware of the privacy of the people it governs. The government should not go so far in protecting the country that it interferes with the personal lives of the citizens. There needs to beRead MorePersonal Privacy In Peter Singers Visible Man955 Words   |  4 Pagesadvancements in technology have changed the world’s view on privacy listing both the benefits and drawbacks following this. Privacy is a very big aspect for Americans and the freedom we represent. As America defines itself as a democracy, the Government ties a lot into the privacy role, attempting to keep citizens safe. Generally, having personal privacy is crucial to feeling safe and comfortable in any environment but I think the overall role of privacy should only be focus ed heavily by the government inRead MoreThe Importance Of Personal Information And How People Feel About It1613 Words   |  7 PagesImportance of personal information and how people feel about it Undoubtedly, personal informations are critical to all of everyone. People want their personal datas to be protected so that others won’t have access to them without permission. Otherwise, leak and misuse of personal informations can lead to serious consequences. Individuals and organizations can use other people’s personal informations without their allowances, which can be harmful to the livelihoods of these people. For example,Read MoreThe Privacy Of An Individual1700 Words   |  7 Pagesmeasure of right and wrong.† The privacy of an individual is at its most a fundamental right to which one is entitled. Furthermore, the infringement of an individual’s privacy is rarely justified to any extent, even under circumstances with the purpose of protecting a nation because it deprives individuals of their fundamental rights. However, the government believes that they have the authority to trump the privacy of citizens in order to uphold state security for a ll. It is evident that alternate

The Five Star Program Chapter Report - 1690 Words

Building on a strong foundation, the chapter will work toward the four-star and five-star levels over time. Our aim is that the chapter is a four-star chapter by the end of year five of its establishment. Because we are mindful of over-programming and aware that academics should be a student’s first priority, chapters are expected to have no more than two events per week. With this in mind, we would work to meet the needs of the Five Star Program in conjunction with Kappa’s expectations for chapters. Below, we have outlined Kappa’s expectations for chapters that align with the standards within the categories of the Five Star Program. Scholarship †¢ All chapters, including new chapters, are expected to maintain a chapter GPA at or above the†¦show more content†¦An outlined curriculum is provided for facilitation as well as transition conversations. †¢ The Vice President-Organization and the District Leadership Development Specialist coordinate the chapter’s strategic goal setting. Chapter members complete a chapter evaluation during elections. During officer transitions, the results are reviewed and goals are established. Chapter Council reviews the strategic goals at least three times during the calendar year. †¢ The Vice President-Standards and the Standards Committee are responsible for recognizing and rewarding members and officers who go above and beyond in the chapter publicly and privately. †¢ The chapter Education Chairman, with support from her adviser and the District Programming Specialist, is responsible for chapter programming, including leadership development. Chapter leaders, campus professionals, local alumnae and professionals may be invited to facilitate programs on topics such as networking, stress management, and body image. Philanthropy and Service †¢ Kappa’s philanthropic efforts are concentrated in three areas: local organizations, Reading Is Fundamental and the Kappa Kappa Gamma Foundation. In addition to supporting RIF — our national philanthropic partner — and the Kappa Foundation, we encourage our chapters to assist local organizations that hold special meaning for them. †¢ Chapters are expected to host at least one Reading Is Key event each year as well as one additional philanthropic eventShow MoreRelatedCase Analyses 61103 Words   |  5 PagesCase Analyses: select TWO court cases (from different chapters) from the list below, and respond in writing to the case questions. The written analysis of both cases should be approximately 2-3 pages total; use parenthetical citations and a corresponding works cited list when referencing specific information from the text or other sources, and follow other prescribed guidelines for APA format. Vallone v. CNA Financial (Ch 13, p 424) Five Star Transportation v. 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There were 34 states with active NCPG Chapters during the time the survey was conducted. Across all state, substance use disorder is estimated 3.6 times more common than gambling addiction. Based on the research from GamblingRecoveryRead MoreStudent I Choose For My Mini Action Research Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagesbehavior during class instruction and activities? Implemented solution We provided the student with a daily time on task behavior report card, which was filled out by my mentor teacher, and I. The card states the goal of staying on task, feedback, and is mapped out with the daily schedule. We also provided a reminder chart for staying on task, and a modified behavior report card, that we laminated and taped to his desk. 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She pointed out the Milky Way and a number of constellations. She told me, â€Å"there are way too many stars to count!† Now, 50 years later, when I walk outside and look up, I see only a few identifiable constellations, no Milky Way, and I would venture to say there were so few stars that if I took a little time, I could count them all. Are there really fewer stars in the heavens? Not at all. The stars are up there, they just cannotRead MoreMarketing Chapter 2 Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Chapter 2 1. (a) Using Medtronic as an example, explain how a mission statement gives a strategic direction. (b) Create a mission statement for your own career. Answer: (a) A mission statement gives strategic direction by stating the â€Å"what† and â€Å"how† of a business in a clear, concise, meaningful, inspirational, statement that will continue to be relevant in the long-term. Medtronic’s mission statement identifies its customers, market, products and technology. 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Human Resource Planning and Development Free Essays

Introduction: Tesco is largest present day British retailer. Started by Mr. jack Cohen from small grocery stall in east London in 1919. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Planning and Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Tesco brand appeared five years later in 1924 as a result of Mr. T. E. Stockwell brought consignment of tea. Tesco name designed by combining the initial letters Te- s- co in 1929 to open first Tesco store in Burnt oak , North London.(source: www.thetimes100.co.uk) Since then Tesco expanding by getting hold to the market by understanding customers need in the right way. In the United Kingdom Today Tesco have more than 2200 stores (source:www.thetimes100.co.uk). From large hyper market Tesco Direct to small Tesco Express. By maintaining the variety product range from grocery to general merchandise. Tesco diversified their business in sectors like electrical good, telephone equipment, banking , airtime, insurance services and now a day Tesco providing electronic shoppingservice via their web site to attract their customers, achieving their primary aim ‘to serve customers’ (Source:www.thetimes100.co.uk) As the company grown up and spread worldwide from one man and one stall. Its efficient work force also amplified. (sourse:www.thetimes100.co.uk). Task 1 : Human Resource management Personnel management is old style name of HR management. HRM is particularly focused to develop peoples and nurture to achieve organisational goal. Traditional view of HR have mainly four objectives. Staffing objective: Staffing make sure that make right staff available for right work at the correct time. By means of that identifying feature of the job and executing recruitment process, select to assure correct match and retaining the same. Performance objective: once staff is at right position they need to encourage to perform. This is achieved by development process, giving target and appraisal system. . Change management objective: These needs if organisation are in constantly developing in modern competitive world . Administrative objectives: These need to fulfil for organisation to run smoothly. These include paying the employee regularly, Employment legislation needs. Maintainproper and accurate records. Administration also deals with the legislation, equal opportunity, managing diversity, and also with recruitment, retaliation , training and rewards. (Blosi,W,2007) Human resource activities: Strategic HR management, following the equal opportunity employment, fulfil the staffing need of the organisation, human resource development, Dealing with the compensation and benefits to the staff. Dealing with health, safety and security aspects, performance management. General goals of HR are enhancing productivity and quality, complying with legal and social obligations, promoting individual growth and development and make progress in organisational effectiveness. Personnel Management: Personnel management is term which describe the policies of the organisation, and process to manage people at work . It is old fashion name of the human resource management. It works in same fashion to HRM strategy and the business strategy. It state that line manager is responsible for managing peoples. personnel management is activity aimed primarily at non managers .it influenced line management. Legge (1989) Difference between Human resource management and personnel management Human resource models: Number of models are available for human resource management. Matching Model: Fombrun et al.’s(1984) focus on the resource feature of HRM. and use peoples towards objectives. HR should be get cheaply and use to the fullest. (source: Fombrun et al.’s(1984)) HR should be managed according to organisational strategy. The matching model say’s that human resource cycle consists of standard functions. (Fombrun et al.’s(1984)) That is selection of most appropriate resource. Proper Appraisal depending on performance, Rewards for achievement to encourage future performance and fourth is development developing high quality employee through training. Fombrun et al.’s(1984) Harvard frame work model: Depend on view point , how organisation want to see employees and their development. It underline the human aspect. related to organisation-employee relationship. It also consider the interest of shareholders related to objectives of organisation Ref: Beer et.al (1984) Model based on the four policies: Human resource flow in the organisation, reward system fallowed by management, influence of the employee and work system in the organisation. Ref: Beer et.al (1984) The result that HR policies need to attain are commitment, competence, equivalence and cost effectiveness to maintain mutual trust and improve performance. Line managers set HR policies. Ref: Beer et.al (1984) It is extended through four policies first is setting goal. Integration of strategies, highly commitment to the goal, And giving high quality. Ref: Beer et.al (1984) Task 2 : A) Recruitment selection and retention: For new store I need to ensure the exact number of staff at right work at perticular time. For the new store staff will be required for different activities. As the store is in the small village I should select the staff from same locality, considering their availability for job and cost. For Recruitment first step is to understand the job requirement. Nature of the job. Then the method to recruit them. Internal recruitment : process in which current employees looking to move to the new store either at same position or on promotion. Internal recruitment helps to motivate for promotion and to improve performance. I first look for the employees internally from the database of the Tesco. (Source: www.thetimes100.co.uk) External recruitment: It is fulfil the position by recruiting the staff .Once decided to recruit selection of appropriate candidate and following cost effective method is important. (Source : www.thetimes100.co.uk ) For a new store I require line managers, Sales assistant, Check out staff, stock handlers, supervisors, warehouse employees, security, cleaner. Line managers :(05) Sales assistant :(25) Check out staff: (15) Warehouse employees: (15) Stock handlers:(20) Security: (10) Cleaner:(10) Job description: 1) Sales assistance: Job Title: sales assistance Responsible to: shop manager Hours : 45 per week Typical work activities include Customer handling in all areas of sales Should match and sets sales targets in busy and pressured environment. Giving suggestion to the customers Handling customer complaints. Arranging delivery dates . awareness of particular retail area may be required for some roles. Successful sales assistant should have good negotiation skill. (Sourse lorriaine, 2009) (Source: www.prospects.ac.uk) Person Specification: Sales Assistant Essential Should have Experience of working within a sales field. To be honest, dealing of cash and card handling. Should have excellent communication skills Should have understanding of customer care. Desirable: Experience in working witha similar shop. Experience in working as volunteer. Knowledge of Health and Safety issues. (www.greenandaway.org) 2) Job description security guard: Job Title: security guard Reporting to : line manager Hours : full time Patrolling of premises to insure security of doors, windows and gates Monitoring and authorization of entrance and departure of employees. Reporting of daily activities and irregularities. Call police or fire department in case of emergency Inspectingand adjust the functions of security systems, equipments, and machinery. (Sourece:www.careerplanner.com) Personnel specification for security guard: Recruitment process involves Advertisement of the job, Inviting applications, screening of application, Interview, Selection of the appropriate candidate. Advertisement: Advertisement of the job vacancy is crucial to attract the right candidate. Advertise the vacancy through internet, News papers, TV, radio, educational institutions , Public employment agencies, labour union. For new Tesco store I will advertise the vacancy on the Tesco carrier website and in local news papers, and putting the advertise on the site location as well as in the central place in that village. As peoples of that village are not well familiar with the use of modern technology like internet. Considering these facts I decided to put advertise in the village. Application forms : from the advertisement peoples will apply for the suitable post. After dead line of submitting the applications I will collect all the applications for further process. Screening of the applications ; from the all applicants CV I will scrutinise the appropriate applications and send letters to the selected candidates inviting them for interview. Interview: It is the most important stage of recruitment. For interview planning some issues must be considered like schedule of interview, Panel for interview, setting the room for interview. number of candidates etc. Assessment of candidate can be made by tests and interview Employment tests used to judge a person’s knowledge, skills and other characteristics. Different tests are ability tests like aptitude tests, Physical ability tests, Job knowledge test and Work sampler test Interview : After the tests the number of candidates short listed is relatively low as they can be easily interviewed and easy to judge right candidate. At the time of interview candidates is first time face to face. you can assess by asking the set of questions to candidate. We can gather more information about them. Questions about their qualification, experience, skills, hobbies interests, and personnel and family background etc. After interview we get clear idea about the applicants. From them appropriate candidates are selected. Then successful candidates are offered a job. B) Retention: Once the successful candidates are appointed it is very important to keep staff turn over very low to keep the cost down. As recruitment process is very costly. Retention is process by which staff is maintained within the organisation. As a long term policy of HR. Technical and talented staff is asset for organisation. Furthermore organisation have invested money on recruitment , training and development . Pay : Rising pay level reduce staff turnover. Payment is first aspect responsible for staff turnover .so it is important to give right pay level and increment to staff. (Sturges and guest 1999,p.19) Managing expectations: As organisation expect performance from the employee. Employee also expect from the organisation certain things like work environment, job satisfaction, and other facilities. We should understand their expectations and manage them timely. (Jenner and Tayler 2000,p.155) Appraisal: appraisal is process when you discuss the performance of employee. What is performance during the last year or specific time. Whether it is satisfactory or not. Then giving the pay rise or benefits for doing well and motivates them for future tasks. Induction: Effective timely induction to staff is necessary. So that staff can learn new things new roles in various sections and know more which can give him job satisfaction. Family friendly HR practise must be fallowed. Training and development: Training to the staff must be given time to time regarding their job. So they can improve their knowledge and get opportunity to develop and learn new things and skills. (Green et al.2000,pp 267-72) Improvement in the quality of the line management C )Legal and ethical issues considered during the recruitment: Employment protection act 1978: According to employment protection act 1978 after selection procedure offer of employment will be made at that time it is up to the applicant whether to accept it or reject it. Terms and contracts of employment must be clearly defined. also it must contain job title and date of commencement. Terms of payment is clearly mentioned. It also must contain details about working hours , Number of holidays given, Pay of the sick leaves , and pension. It must provide details of termination. It should also contain disciplinary procedures. (source:www.opsi.gov.uk) Sex discrimination act 1975: It is against law to discriminate by gender. men and women should be considered equally in all conditions of employment. Organisation must provide equal terms and conditions of employment. This act applies to all sectors. Law applies for both direct or indirect discrimination. (source:www.opsi.gov.uk) Race relation Act1976: According to race relation act 1976 one cannot discriminate on racial grounds and racial groups related to colour ,race ,religion ,nationality ,ethnic origin. (source:www.opsi.gov.uk) Equal pay act 1970: The act says to stop discrimination in terms of payment. Men and women employed should paid equally in the same work. (Source:www.opsi.gov.uk) Disability discrimination act: This act is in forced to protect disabled peoples. Disabled peoples should not be discriminated when they apply for job. Law state that they should get chance to give interview. Place where they doing job must be made accessible to them. (Source:www.opsi.gov.uk) Rehabilitation of offenders Act1974: This act is made to rehabilitation of convicted peoples. Law says that conviction of imprisonment for more than 30 months may be erased. if the offender does not commit further serious offence during rehabilitation he is eligible and we cannot discriminate him. (Source:www.opsi.gov.uk) Task 3: a) Paul is 44 year old supervisor. It has been reported that recently he is coming late to the work and living early. He is working for Tesco since last 22 years but now days he is not disciplinary in his work. This has happen to him recently living early and coming late to work regularly specially on the Monday. When the complaint comes to me I call Mr.Paul in office and discuss the problem with him I enquire about his irregularities in work and whether he have any problem. He did not give any specific reason. So I give him first verbal warning and ask him to be regular. After first warning I observe him for next three months. I gave him chance to overcome. But within these next three months he didn’t improve. So I call him again and give him second verbal warningtold him that if you don’t improve this time I will take action. This time I told him that if he wants to bring a friend with him he can bring or if he wants to come with any union representative. Gave him another chance for next three months for improvement But within these three months his improvement was not satisfactory so this is the time for me to give him written warning. So I call him and told him to bring one witness with him friend, relative or a union person. He came with union person. I discuss his problem in front of union person and give written warning that it is his last chance for improvement if didn’t improve I will take action against him. The union representative try to cover him and told me that give him chance this time he will improve. He also told that he had some personal and family problems that’swhy he is not regular and unable to concentrate in his work. The union representative assure me that this time he will improve. So I again keep him under observation. Till this time I document all that had happened and collect the evidences recorded like his in time and out time to the job. So that it is useful for me to take further action. And observe him for next three months. This time I recognise improvement in his behaviour, he is coming in time and also going on time. Also his awareness of job is improved. So there is no need to take the case to the next level. b) Sheena is 28 years of old and she is a machine operator in a packaging department. Security staff reported me that he found her stealing some finished products and partly finished products. She is working for company since last 3 years. She has been told to report me next morning at 9.00 am. I took this complaint seriously when she came to my office I ask her about the incident and the explanation regarding to case. But as she has caught red handed she does not have any explanation. As it is first time I gave her strict verbal warning. I told security staff to keep close watch on her. For a few days her behaviour is normal but one day I again got complaint against her about stealing ofpartly finished goods. So this time I called her and told to bring any friend or relative or union representative with her. She came with union representative. I discuss the case with them. As case is very serious but union representative wants me to give her another chance and he is strongly defending her. So this time I gave her a written warning in front of union representative. And also tell them that she is not going to work in the same department. I transferred her to another department where only raw material is processed. So that she has nothing to steal there. And also warn her that it is her last chance. I document all the events and evidence to support the case and told security to keep watch on her. I gave her another chance to improve. But she does not improved after one month I got complaint against her this time I decided to take the case to next level. I collect all evidence and write a notice to her. The notice must be given by hand or by recorded post. So I called her to collect the notice and told her if she wants come with someone with her. She came with union representative. As a evidence one person must be there and it must be recorded. I told union representative that it is very serious matter and we have given her chance to improve but she did not. So there is no other alternative. I have to terminate her. But union representative is arguing with me but she does not have any strong point to defend her. So now the time to give her letter and sack. But union representative request me not to sack her otherwise her carrier may be in dark as she is young and no one will take to her for next job. So consider about her future. Then I told her to resign and she resigned from the job. Conclusion: Setting of work force is most important part for any business. To fulfil the demand of the staff. It consists of recruitment of new staff, selecting the appropriate staff. Train the existing staff. Motivate to work to achieve organisational target. And retain the staff. Tesco have many job opportunities. Always need people with correct skills to maintain the development. Tesco has very good organisational configuration for carry out job. Tesco have clear, easy and well defined procedure of recruitment and selection. So can manage its changing demand for the staff. Recommendation: As Tesco is developing very fast they must manage and maintain the work force. Tesco is spreading their wings in rural areas and villages to different countries. It must require additional work force so they should maintain the present staff. Train them to develop. Most important is to attract new innovative talent to their organisation. Specially recruit young staff management students. They should search from different colleges and also the trainee graduates. Understand the different needs of the different locality. And Tesco should enter in many other new fields of retailing to fulfil the customers all needs. Bibliography: 1. Blosi,W.(2007),†An introduction to human resource management†, Berkshire,McGraw-Hill Education. 2. Sission,K.(1989).†Personnel management in Britain†, basil Blackwell Ltd. 3. Trorrington,D.(2008 7th ed),â€Å"Human resource management†, England, Pearson. 4 .Yeung,R.(2008),†Successful Interviewing and recruitment†, Kogan page limited. 5.The Times 100 website: www.thetimes100.co.uk 6. http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-study–recruitment-selection–132–323–1.php 7.http://www.prospects.ac.uk/p/types_of_job/retail_sales_assistant_job_description.jsp 8. http://www.careerplanner.com/Job-Descriptions/Security-Guards.cfm 9. www.greenandaway.org/objects/sust/SalesAssistPersonSpec.pdf 10. www.devonjobs.gov.uk/attachments/1263/TBE7141PS.doc 11.http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1978/cukpga_19780044_en1 12.http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1975/pdf/ukpga_19750065_en.pdf 13.http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1976/cukpga_19760074_en1 14. www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1970/pdf/ukpga_19700041_en.pdf 15.http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1995/ukpga_19950050_en_1 16.http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1974/cukpga_19740053_en1 How to cite Human Resource Planning and Development, Essay examples

Spirituality and Religion in Health Care

Question: Discuss the report is been divided into 2 parts of interview details analysis? Answer: Introduction The report is been divided into 2 parts of interview details analysis. The spiritual need of a patient is been determined from a Heal Care Personnels perspective to aid and facilitate the same to the patient. A family friend was chosen for the interview to understand the perspective of an ordinary citizen about options they feel the need to be spiritual during a time of trauma or medical distress. The same shall be used as a qualitative primary survey data to prepare the case analysis which would be done in part two for the same. Part 1 : The Interview The subject of the interview was a Lady with an age of 55 years who have undergone a Kidney disease treatment 8 months back was interviewed in the case. The ethnicity of the patient was that she was a Hindu by birth who was born in India and brought up in her Indian family ad had been a US citizen after her marriage with an American citizen at the age of 25 when she travelled to US. For past 30 years she had been a practicing Hindu, however she admits that her Husband or the family are not much into spirituality or religion followers of any particular kind of their Catholic faith. Hence the lady was a religious and spiritual follower of Hindu faith while the family was non-religious open minded people who never had an objection to the patients spiritual or cultural tilt. Nevertheless, the Joint Commission on Accreditation for Health Care Organization (JCAHO) and Commission on Accreditation of rehabilitation (CARF) mandate spiritual assessment to meet patients spiritual needs especially in those cases here quality of life, meeting social obligations, controlling pain and maintain social, emotional and spiritual needs. The questions posed were based on the meaning of life, her expressions and thought process about morality, acceptance of real life events like death and birth, belonging, pain and its acceptance like spiritually motivated questions. She was a Hindu who believed in reincarnation or rebirth of an individual ad suggested that the soul do not die only the body changes. Thus she accepted birth and death as a natural process. The fallout of the same was that she considered pain and suffering as a matter of Fate over her physical disabilities and so she thought that the pain and sufferings was due to existence of the body and that it is a agree able that body needs to endure pain. Thus strangely she decides to find quality over pain in her lifestyle. Thus she stressed in accepting the beauty of life over the pain and sufferings as the concept was that pain and bell being are two sides of same coin called living. There was a stark resemblance to death acceptance in the lady while she also relived that her life is never over I her belief. Thus their as a help that the medical practitioner got that he could motivate the patient to feel psychologically strong in case the pain is high or sufferings are above the limits (Bravewell.org, 2015). Part 2: Analysis Spirituality or emotional support and need for such support has been debated in patient health care since long. Puchalski (2001) suggested in his interview that the seed of hope and wellbeing is seeded inside the deep feelings of Hope. The hope is one aspect that lets the patient fight back in cases where mental strength and will power is needed. Interestingly in 2004 the US body of NCCM and NIH did a survey among 31000 adults where the findings were startling the suggested that prayers and religious practices are the most commonly used approach among all the other healing methods and practices mentioned in the survey. Thus a strong bond of inculcating futuristic hope and wellbeing is a part of medical practice at times in the treatment process. () ascribes that the modern day healing processes generally have included meditation, pastoral counseling, compassion, praying sessions are al made part of the process not only to boost the patients morale but also the family of the sufferer. Thus in a integrated health care system that provides good amount of spirituality along with scientific medical treatment methodology so as to make the treatment wholesome where both health and spiritual needs of the patients are catered. Interestingly, Tait et al. (2011) observes that prayers have a unquantifiable nature to give the patient a support system that shows the patient their own inside and thus their future destiny so that they can cope with whatever awaits with a bold heart. The Hindu patient was in the same line had adopted meditation and chanting for of Hindu praying which has helped her to deal with whatever awaits her or her health in future Spirituality have made her soul strong to give her the belief that the soul is indestructible and the body changes and gets the pain while she with her consciousness and her soul shall keep existing even after her death. Thus this small belief has made her to cope with physical pain and sufferings making her bolder and stronger for whatever result awaits her in the future. She could adopt and accept the thought like life and death as a natural process giving her the confidence to deal with her ailment, mentally which in turn have physically helped her in coping with her problems. Conclusion Coping with various physical condition have a mental precondition where the anxiety and what next like fears have a great way to be dealt with, which is the utility of including spirituality in treatment. This boosts the morale of the patient ad gives them the mental condition to deal with the physical trauma and pain with a strong faith and belief system that is the outcome of spirituality. The concept of adding spirituality in health care is getting a pace for itself in integrated medical practices. Since faith and hope can be an asset to the sufferer it helps in building a strong psychic framework to fight with pain and trauma and acts as a great asset to give the best of treatment by caregiver when the mental stability is strengthened with spiritual interventions List of References Bravewell.org, (2015). Spirituality and Religion in Health Care - The Bravewell Collaborative. [online] Available at: https://www.bravewell.org/integrative_medicine/philosophical_foundation/spirituality_and_healthcare/ [Accessed 19 Jun. 2015]. Puchalski, C. (2001). The role of spirituality in health care. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center), [online] 14(4), p.352. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1305900/ [Accessed 19 Jun. 2015]. Tait, E., Laditka, S., Laditka, J., Nies, M. and Racine, E. (2011). Praying for Health by Older Adults in the United States: Differences by Ethnicity, Gender, and Income. Journal of Religion, Spirituality Aging, 23(4), pp.338-362

Why We Should Keep The Drinking Age At 21 Essay Example For Students

Why We Should Keep The Drinking Age At 21 Essay Why We Should Keep the Drinking Age at Twenty-oneBy Barry T. HellmanEnglish 116, section 6Dr. Budler11 May 2000 Imagine winning the State Basketball Championship. You get back to your house with a few friends and feel a party is in order, so you start drinking a few beers after your parents go to bed. Someone suggests that you drive somewhere to get rid of the empty cans. ?Yes, thats not a bad idea?, so you all pile into the car and take off. A few hours later, your parents receive a telephone call to come down to the station. There has been a terrible accident, and they must identify the body. This is the one phone call all parents dread. This true story is detailed in the Germantown, Tennessee high school newspaper. Stories like this compel me to believe that the legal drinking age should be kept at twenty-one. We will write a custom essay on Why We Should Keep The Drinking Age At 21 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Almost every state set a legal drinking age of twenty-one, the legal voting age at the time, after prohibition was repealed. Between 1970 and 1975, twenty-nine states lowered the voting age from twenty-one to eighteen, twenty-nine states also lowered their drinking age to eighteen or nineteen. During the late seventies, studies showed that traffic crashes had drastically increased after lowering the drinking age. Once this was announced publicly, many groups created a movement to increase the minimal drinking age, and sixteen states responded. The Uniform Drinking Act was passed in 1984. This strongly encouraged the remaining thirteen states to raise their drinking age. If the states would not agree to do so by 1987, the government said that it would cut highway funding (Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drugs). Many would argue that when the drinking age were set at twenty-one, there is an unavoidably huge increase in alcohol use when youths, turning twenty-one, ?make up for lost time.? However, a study done by Alexander Wagenaar and PM OMalley found that when the minimum drinking age was twenty-one, there was a lower use of alcohol after they turn twenty-one. One of the largest arguments in favor of lowering the drinking age is the use of Europe as a comparison. Where as in Europe, where there isnt a prescribed legal age for drinking, the age for obtaining a drivers license is eighteen. Sixteen is the average age for obtaining a license. This lower age for driving in combination with the lowered drinking age incurs a rise in traffic accidents and even death. Drinking before twenty-one causes more deaths than illnesses. On the other hand, those countries have their share of alcohol problems. The rate of alcohol-related diseases such as cirrhosis to the liver is the same, if not higher, as in the United States. Also drunk driving among youth in Europe is lower, but only because the legal driving age in most European countries is higher. Furthermore the use of public transportation is greater in Europe, where as in the United States fewer people take advantage of public transportation. Public transportation is either frowned upon or not avai lable. It is also argued that even though the legal drinking age is at twenty-one, many youths still can easily obtain and drink alcohol, so the current drinking age doesnt work. It stands to reason to conclude that if the drinking age were lowered to eighteen, even younger children would be using alcohol. This therefore, would have adverse affects on our society, not a positive affect. Because its illegal for people under twenty-one, many of those people dont drink. Lowering the drinking age would increase alcohol problems among teens, even at an earlier age. (Wagenaar and co. article, page 2)My opinion is further supported by the Correlation between underage drinking and alcohol abuse. Scientists of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism have said that teens that begin drinking before the age of fifteen are four times more likely to become alcoholics. The same institute also found that alcohol abuse doubles, in those who start drinking before the age of fifteen compared to those who first begin drinking at age twenty-one. Continuing, they found that twenty-five percent of those who began drinking before the age of seventeen went on to become alcoholics. .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a , .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .postImageUrl , .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a , .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a:hover , .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a:visited , .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a:active { border:0!important; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a:active , .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf339af814940b8407cb8161b9caddc8a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Portrayal of Reality in Great Gatsby EssayFurthermore, most studies show an increase in traffic accidents, and even deaths, among youths when the drinking age was lower. The Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drugs also states that the result of lowering the drinking age caused a five to twenty percent increase in the number of fatal injury-causing crashes ?likely to involve alcohol, such as single-vehicle accidents occurring late at night? Alcohol use is typically reported in one-fifth to two-thirds of these problems; youth drowning, vandalism, assaults, suicides, and teenage pregnancies (Toomey, Rosenfeld, and Wagenaar 3). Besides accidents, there is also an association between alcohol abuse and suicide. Between one-third and two-thirds of adolescent suicide victims have a measurable blood alcohol level. A study of suicides from 1970 to 1990, done by Johanna Birckmeyer and David Hemenway, found that the suicide rates of eighteen to twenty year olds living in states with a drinking age of eighteen was eight percent higher than in states with a drinking age of twenty-one. The last point to consider is that when the drinking age was lowered to eighteen or nineteen an increase in traffic accidents occurred. Drinking before twenty-one causes more death than illnesses. It seems to me that there is little valid argument against leaving the legal drinking age at twenty-one. Auto accidents, suicides, illnesses early drivers licences varying cultures, and alcoholism are all reasons in favor of maintaining a legal drinking age of twenty-one Too much, too soon, kills!Works CitedBirckmayer, Johanna; Hememway, David. ?Minimum-age drinking laws and youth suicide, 1970-1990.? American Journal of Public Health (1999). 29 April 2000. Bower, B. ?Alcoholism shows its youthful side.? Science news 26 April 00Quigley, Loria, et al. Drinking among young adults. Alcohol Health and Research World. April 00:p185-191. Sherman, Laura. ?Tragedy After An Enormous Accomplishment.? Germantown High School News. 4-15-99Toomey, Rosenfield, and Wager. Encyclopedia of Alcohol and Drugs. New York 1995Toomey, Rosenfield, and Wager. The minimum legal drinking age: history, effectiveness, and ongoing debate. Alcohol Health and Research World, 4-28-00 p213(5)Wagenaar,Alexander, et al. Deterring sales and provision of alcohol to minors: a study of enforcement in 295 countires in four states. Public health Reports. April 00: p185-191. Bibliographyalready in the paper, the works citedEnglish Essays

The loudest quiet man around

The loudest quiet man around. Both in the movie and the story Shawn Thorton/Kelvin is a boxer from America who returns to his home town in Ireland, but thats about the only major similarity between the movie and the book. In the story and movie some of the differances are that Shawns home town is different, the people are different, in more way than one, all in all a different story line. The story was written by Maurice Walsh, the movie was directed by Wolfe. In this the difference between the movie and the story The Quiet Man will be reveiled to the reader. In the movie the story line takes you to the beautiful city of Inspree. In the book the story line takes you to a much similar town called Kerry. Even Shawn's little cottage is different. In the movie he buys the cottage that he was born in from the Widow. In the book he couldn't by his cottage cuz it was not for sale. Big Laim O' Grady owned it and would not sell it cuz it connected the land between his house and the love of his life the Widow, the only reason he loved her is because of the fact she is extreamly rich. Another difference is the people of the small towns. Not only do these people have different names but also different personalities and different physical charicteristics. Lets take the main charicters Shawn for a very good example. He is called Shawn has two different last names. He also in the movie is a strong handsom tall man. In the book he is short and stalky. In the movie is a man who knows what he wants. In the book he seems to be a little bit not sure of what he wants and the way he wants it. In the movie Shawn buys his place of birth and goes into more details on stuff like the race where Kate's bonet is on the line. Also Kate and Shawns marriage is a set up and a scam on Will (laim). In the book Shawn buys a piece of property with no history to him, Date Cillen a...

Accounting,corporate governance and ethics Essay

Accounting,corporate governance and ethics - Essay Example The accounting profession has evolved over the years and today is viewed as making big contributions to inspiring investor confidence in various enterprisesThe tedious accounting profession is a sensitive undertaking especially when it comes to certifying to accuracy Because of this sensitivity, the accounting profession had adopted a professional code of ethics for all members. People however believe a lot of reformist agenda had been thwarted by the vested interests of pro-corporate public policy makers (Conrad 313). The chief ethical difficulty that faces most accountants today is what constitutes a full and timely disclosure (Duska & Duska 7). The accounting profession has seen a lot of corporate scandals which had spoiled its sterling professional image in which countless individuals lost their lifetime savings. It has been as a reaction to these scandals that laws were passed to strengthen the standards of the profession to avoid repeating the same mistakes and as additional sa feguards for investors. Regulators, lawmakers, accounting professionals and policy makers had scrambled to draft these new rules and regulations to impose higher standards in the profession but ultimately, it is the individual’s conscience that will preclude any scandals or lapses from happening again. Management boards and executive committees likewise have spent considerable time into the deliberations of formulating their own set of corporate standards and code of ethics to prevent accounting scandals from occurring in their firms or in any part of their organization. An aim of this paper is to explore the accounting profession as it is today compared to previous years. Discussion Accounting is one of those professions in which utmost trust is reposed on those who practice it as a profession (as source of income and livelihood). It is no different from client- lawyer engagement or a patient-doctor relationship in which confidentiality is paramount. As a profession, account ing is charged with the task of making sense out of numbers and it is for this capability for which the various users of financial information rely on for their judgment. It is therefore very crucial that the information contained in financial statements can be relied upon for their timeliness, integrity, usefulness, relevance and accuracy. Stricter government regulations regarding corporate financial reporting has removed some of the more immediate temptations and threats to the integrity of financial statements. However, self-regulation of the industry is also vital in this regard and to educate members of the profession regarding their sacred duty to make the financial figures credible to the public. The most significant reform to ever come about the recent corporate accounting scandals that involved Enron and others is the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of July 30, 2002. It is a very significant piece of legislation in one respect: it now requires corporate executive officers to also sign o ff on the financial documents prepared by third-party auditors. What this piece of law means for the accounting profession and the executive boards of publicly-listed companies is both entities must now certify as to the accuracy of the data as contained in the audited financial statements. Previously, management boards and executive committees of affected companies can wash their hands off any audited financial documents if there are discrepancies contained in them but the Sarbanes-Oxley Law (or SOX for short) had changed that cavalier attitude. For the first time ever, not only are the auditing firms to be liable for failures to detect any accounting anomalies as they go about their task of auditing, the management people of the audited entity are also equally liable. The new law had rightly put some pressure on

Harley Davidson Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Harley Davidson - Case Study Example (Harley Davidson.com) As Harley Davidson is the market leader through a differentiation strategy and unique customization ability and because of high costumer loyalty as company's wide sponsored events and close interactions with its customers. Most market leaders are companies focused on low cost, mass production capacity in which the firm takes advantage of its economies of scale. Harley Davidson's continuous improvement in design, engineering and processes allow for such a leadership through customization and results in operational excellence. Harley Davidson has a grate net work of its dealer ship and has over 1300 dealers through out the world. In 2005, Harley Davidson motorcycles were sold in over 60 countries, with an international sales growth of 15%. For the first six months of 2006, motorcycle sales were up 11 percent and interest continues because of the high gas prices according to the Motorcycle Industry Council. In 2004, the most recent year data was available, the industry posted $7.6 billion in sales of 725,000 on-highway bikes, up from nearly $4.7 billion in 2000 with 471,000 bikes sold. Harley-Davidson brand bikes represented 48.9% of the approximate 517,600 total new U.S. registrations in 2005, down slightly from a 49.5% market share in 2004. In 2005, there were about 252,900 new U.S registrations of the brand's heavyweight motorcycles, up from about 244,500 in 2004. Harley Davidson's closest competitors in U.S. market share in 2005 were Honda (16.6%) and Suzuki (12.4%). Because of Harley Davidson's dormant market share and strength of its brand name, there is little direct price competition. There are High Barriers to Entry to the market. The first is the length of time it takes to build up technical capabilities. The second barrier to entry is the enormous dealer networks that the entrenched players have. There are fairly few but highly competitive brands the motorcycle industry. Most of Harley Davidson's competitors are outside of the US where they hold a dominant share of the market. There is an emotional connection to owning a motorcycle that diminishes the threat of substitution In fact, the motorcycle industry has been cited as a beneficiary of the rise in oil and gas prices and thus has become a more viable substitute to automobiles. Harley Davidson motorcycles represent a niche lifestyle product that buyers will want to purchase regardless of the price so HDI is able to pass on increased costs to its customers. The rise in aluminum, steel and oil could continue to impact production costs over the next several quarters. However, we expect this rise to be moderate as the raw material industries are fragmented and competitive. Corporate Strategy: HDI always focused on the brand name recognition since its inception and desirability of its

The Quality of Service Provided by the Accounting Department Essay

The Quality of Service Provided by the Accounting Department - Essay Example The idea that non-managerial employees should not be involved in the interviews and instead limit the interview to the list of managers whom he or she perceived to be useful to the interview is inimical to the research because the exact identification of respondents is tantamount to pre-selecting the subjects that would represent the population. It is important to point out that the internal customers of the accounting department that perceives them include all employees in the company and that includes both the rank and file and managers. Limiting the samples that are supposed to represent the entire organization in the study among managers would make the study anecdotal in evidence because the small sample does not represent the entire organization. Hoeken and Hustinx stressed that anecdotal evidence is never superior to statistical evidence in any study. Statistical evidence is also far more persuasive than cherry picking the samples (Hoeken and Hustinx, 2008). In addition, the pr ofessor would also like to be present during the interviews of the members of the accounting department under the pretext that this will be an ideal opportunity to understand the operations of that department. The intent to study the operations of the accounting department is a terrific initiative given the issue that besets the accounting department. It is not however advisable in the context of a study because studying its operation by a third party is not part of the objective of the research and therefore does not contribute to the purpose of the study. I would beg the professor for us to discuss our methodology first that would allow me an opportunity to air my concern about his presence during the interview and to air my disagreement about the inadequacy of the focus group discussion that will be limited among pre-selected managers. I would suggest that he can instead have the transcript of the interview and to include rank and file staff in the focus group discussion where th e selection is random. I will also include a survey to have a wider sampling since the population of study is too large (the whole company) to be represented by a mere focus group discussion. 2. What are the likely outcomes if the research goes ahead as suggested by your professor? Having anecdotal evidences as primary data will result to an invalid study because it cannot answer the intent of the research which is to determine the extent of the match of perceptions between accounting department and internal customers. It only has the perceptions of the managers as input which does not compose the entire internal customers of the company. In addition, the professor’s insistence to be present during interview of the staff of the accounting department may also have distorted the outcome of the study due to the Hawthorne Effect. Hawthorne Effect is â€Å"the tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied...’ (Davis & Shackleton, p. 55 cit ed in Chiesa and Hobbs, 2008 pg. 69)†. There is a chance that the presence of the professor may influence the answer of the staff of accounting department during the interview that could distort the outcome of the interview. 3. Negative impact on people can occur in research. What is the prospect of this kind of consequential impact on participants in this case? Participants may be tagged as trouble makers

Education Essays Pupils Special Disabilities

Education Essays Pupils Special Disabilities Pupils Special Disabilities This essay critically evaluates the success of policies to promote the inclusion of pupils with special educational needs and disabilities since 1997. The essay reflects critically on recent legislation in the field and the implications of this for development, showing an understanding of how to resolve conflicting viewpoints. The essay first outlines the legislation, and policy documents, that have been enacted or published since 1997 and then critically analyses these policies in terms of answering the question of how successful these policies have been in terms of meeting special educational needs and disabilities through a review of the impact of these policies on the teaching of special needs children in mainstream schools, and the impact of this on the pupils with special needs, on the ‘normal’ children being taught alongside special needs pupils and on the teaching staff involved in teaching in classrooms containing mainstreamed special needs pupils. Special education is defined, generally, as education that is modified for students with special needs, whether these be special physical needs due to a disability or special mental needs, such as mental health problems or giftedness. The Education Act 1996 defines special educational needs thus, children have special educational needs if they have a learning difficulty which calls for special educational provision to be made for them, and children can be identified as having a learning difficulty if they have a significantly different ability to learn than the majority of children the same age as them and if they have a disability which prevents them from making use of facilities that would normally be used within that setting by children of a similar age. Students with special educational needs and disabilities have been catered for through a number of legislations since the late 1990s. The Education Act 1996 outlines the various roles and responsibilities of all those involved in the process of educating children within the UK: teachers and parents, for example. The Education Act 1996 contains statutes that are directly relevant to the education of children with special educational needs and disabilities, building, as it does, on the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. One of the requirements of the Act is that local authorities publish ‘disability statements’ at regular intervals, detailing the facilities provided by the local authority with regards to accommodating children with special educational needs and disabilities because one of the main requirements of the Act was to identify, assess and meet children’s special educational, or physical, needs in terms of meeting these needs within a mainstream school. Part Four of the Education Act 1996 was revised and was enacted as the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001. The Government launched their publication entitled Excellence for all children: Meeting Special Educational Needs in 1997, which set out a coherent strategy for dealing with students with special educational needs and disabilities. This was enhanced through the 1998 publication of the document Meeting Special Educational Needs – A Programme of Action which, when implemented in conjunction with the 1999 Disability Task Force report entitled From Exclusion to Inclusion, reinforced the necessity of considering the rights of students with special educational needs and disabilities. Essentially, the New Labour Government wanted to extend the educational provisions for students with special educational needs and disability by placing educational provision in the broader agenda of social inclusion, within the framework of rights for individuals with special educational needs and disabled individuals (MacBeath et al., 2006)n. Following these publications, and as has been seen, Part Four of the Education Act 1996 was revised and was enacted as the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001. The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 is divided in to three parts, two of which are of particular relevance for those with special educational needs and disability: Part One which made changes to the existing Special Educational Needs section in the Education Act 1996; and Part Two which deals with disability discrimination in education, amending Parts Three and Four of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995. Part One of the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 strengthens the rights of special educational needs children, in particular the right of these individuals to be schooled in mainstream schools. Part Two of the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 makes it illegal for schools and Local Authorities to discriminate against disabled people for any reason that is related to their disability: schools and local authorities have a â€Å"reasonable adjustment† duty to provide for the special needs of any individuals under their care. Since the enactment of this Act, a revised Special Educational Needs Code of Practice was developed (in 2002), which provides practical help and advice to all those involved in providing education to students with special educational needs and disabilities. Then, in 2003, a Green Paper was published, entitled Every Child Matters, which outlines the Government’s commitment to partnership with all those involved in educating students with special educational needs and disabilities, under the framework of the Children’s Services proposals. In 2004 a strategy document was published by the Government, entitled Removing Barriers to Achievement – The Government’s Strategy for SEN, which focuses on providing guidelines for early intervention, and for the provision of special educational needs. In terms of the Government’s approach to the education of students with special educational needs and disabilities, as outlined in their 2004 document Removing Barriers to Achievement – The Government’s Strategy for SEN, the Government sees it as important to remove barriers to learning and to raise both expectations and achievements, all within a framework of ensuring the application of the terms of the Disability Discrimination Act 2005. In terms of the impact of all of this legislation on the education of students with special educational needs and disability, the proportion of such students being ‘mainstreamed’ (i.e., taught within the framework of a ‘mainstream’ school, not a special school) has not been significantly affected by the legislation as many parents are still choosing to send their children to special schools, although the legislation has increased the awareness and appreciation of mainstreaming (OFSTED, 2004). From 1999 to 2003, for example, the portion of students with special educational needs and disability that were schooled in a mainstream setting remained steady, although reports from the Audit Commission have reported an increase in students with behavioural disorders being mainstreamed; conversely, since 2001, in fact, there has been a 10% increase in the number of students sent to special schools (OFSTED, 2004). Whilst the Government seems to think that mainstreaming is the best possible solution for special needs children, a recent report has suggested that school inclusion can actually be a form of abuse and that the recent policies that have been enacted to cover the education of special needs children are badly failing these children (MacBeath et al. 2006). As reported by the BBC, MacBeath has been quoted as stating, â€Å"Physically sitting in a classroom is not inclusion. Children can be excluded by sitting in a classroom that is not meeting their needs†. As reported in MacBeath et al. (2006), there is massive variability across the country as to how inclusion, and mainstreaming, is accommodated, with many schools having unresolved problems regarding inclusion of students with special educational needs and disabilities. A recent (2004) OFSTED report, which looked at the issues of special educational needs and disability and inclusion in mainstream schools found that the Government’s revised inclusion framework has promoted increased awareness of the benefits of inclusion and has led to some level of improvements in practice, but that the framework of inclusion has had little effect, as yet, on the number of pupils within mainstream schools or on the range of needs for which mainstream schools can cater, even though most mainstream schools are committed to mainstreaming special educational needs and disabled students. However, the report found that only a minority of mainstream schools meet special needs well, with expectations of achievement not well enough defined with progress in learning slower, for a vast majority of pupils, than it should be (OFSTED, 2004). Few schools were found to objectively evaluate their provisions for students with special educational needs and disability with not enough use being made of the potential for adapting the curriculum so that such students have suitable opportunities for improving their education (OFSTED, 2004). In general, classroom teaching of students with special educational needs and disability was of highly variable quality, with many lessons having many shortcomings with teaching assistants, especially, contributing to a lack of organization with regards to students with special educational needs and disability (OFSTED, 2004). Shockingly, over half the schools that were visited during the course of this report had no disability access plans and few schools liaised with special schools in order to develop better educational content for the subsequently mainstreamed pupils (OFSTED, 2004). In sum, the OFSTED (2004) report recommended that the Government and local education authorities start to work together in order to ensure that the ability of mainstream schools to teach pupils with special educational needs and disability in a better way, in terms of working closely together with special schools to forge productive links for mainstreamed special educational needs and disabled pupils, such that pupils with special educational needs and disability are enabled to play a full and active part in school life, receiving a curriculum that is relevant to their needs. Whilst noble in its aim, therefore, in terms of the actual numbers of students with special educational needs and disability being mainstreamed, and the education these children are receiving when mainstreamed, inclusion remains a significant challenge for many mainstream schools, and the education received by students with special educational needs and disability within a mainstream school setting is perhaps not as optimum as it could be in many cases, with provisions for their special educational needs and disabilities also not being as adequate as they could, or should, be (Henry, 2004). MacBeath et al. (2006) identified shortcomings in the issue of inclusion, with schools admitting they often had problems with mainstreaming of special educational needs and disabled pupils, due to issues related to resourcing and financing, admissions and capacity, balance of needs, recruitment and retention and expertise and professional development. This does not mean that inclusion policies do not work, as MacBeath et al. (2006) found that inclusion policies are often seen to work when a number of essential conditions are met, namely that staff are enthusiastic and committed, with strong teamwork across staff at the school. In addition to looking at how mainstreaming affects pupils, MacBeath et al. (2006) also looked at how teaching staff are affected by the mainstreaming of students with special educational needs and disabilities. It was found that teachers, in principle, welcome mainstreaming, but that the realities of mainstreaming in practice are very different, due to the fact that the needs of pupils with special educational needs and disabilities are very different from those of ‘normal’ children, and that this can cause problems when deciding how to allocate one’s time as a teacher; that often special needs and disabled pupils are allocated to teachers who lack the necessary skills to be able to handle these pupils; that the nature and quality of support for teachers with special needs and disabled pupils is often not present, all of which impact negatively on the ability of the teacher to teach all of their pupils, i.e., those with special needs or disabilities and the ‘normal’ children (MacBeath et al., 2006). Thus not only do policies to promote the inclusion of pupils with special educational needs and disabilities affect those children with special educational needs and disabilities, when such children are mainstreamed, these policies also affect the ways in teachers are able to carry out their job, in terms of being able to teach all children in their care equally and with equal attention. This has been noted to be of special concern when the pupils with special educational needs are children with behavioural problems (whom, as we have seen, have been steadily increasing in numbers in mainstream school settings), as these children are very demanding of teachers time, which, if the teacher pays a great deal of attention to managing these pupils behaviour can lead to the teacher having less time to dedicate to the ‘normal’ children in their class. This leads to the argument that special educational needs and disabled children should not be educated in mainstream classrooms. Seldom is the level of training sufficient for mainstream teachers to teach these children adequately, and to care for these children well enough, so that the basic care needed for these children is often not present. Conversely, if the teachers are well versed in teaching and managing pupils with special educational needs, and concentrate too much on these pupils within their classroom, this leads to the ‘normal’ children in the class missing out on the teacher’s time and attention. There is, thus, a delicate balance to be struck when a teacher’s classroom includes children with special educational needs or disabilities, between caring for that individual child and accommodating their needs, and also having adequate time for the other pupils in the class. For this reason, many educators, and many parents, argue against the idea of inclusion and mainstreaming, arguing that these policies serve no practical purpose, other than fulfilling the Government’s idea of how inclusion should ideally work. The MacBeath et al. (2006) report addresses this issue, when they ask ‘is inclusion working?’. Whilst inclusion provides social benefits for special educational needs and disabled children, in terms of them feeling more accepted by their peers, the viability of the whole concept of inclusion is brought in to question when one studies what has been happening in classrooms over the period when mainstreaming has become more commonplace. For teachers who have taught special educational needs and disabled pupils in a mainstream setting, it has been found that children with special needs often feel they have a lack of entitlement to learn and develop emotionally; that there are restrictions on learning for ‘normal’ children being educated alongside special needs children because a disproportionate amount of a teacher’s time is given to special needs children; that mainstreaming special needs children can generate feelings of inadequacy in teachers without specialized expertise in dealing with such children; that there is a great increase in the workload of teachers dealing with special needs children within their classroom and that there are massive pressures on teachers in terms of inadequate funding and resourcing by local authorities (MacBeath et al., 2006). The MacBeath et al. (2006) also addressed the impact on pupils of inclusive policies, finding that mainstreamed special needs children can benefit from interactions with their peers, but that, in the majority of cases, lack of training of teachers, and lack of resources mean that special needs pupils are not adequately dealt with and end up struggling in mainstream schools because there is a general and significant lack of expertise on the part of teachers as to how to properly and adequately deal with special needs children in a mainstream school setting. Following these conclusions, the MacBeath et al. (2006) report recommended that the implementation of policies of inclusion should not rely on individual schools to handle all the responsibility of teaching these children, rather that this should be based on a collaborative effort between special schools, mainstream schools and local authorities, and that this enhanced collaboration should ensure the best service for all children, i.e., those with special needs who are being mainstreamed and ‘normal’ children in classrooms containing pupil(s) with special needs who are being mainstreamed. It is clear that policies of inclusion, and mainstreaming, will only work, and will only continue to be suggested and developed, if this collaborative effort is strengthened and if teachers involved in teaching mainstreamed special needs children receive adequate training, allowing them to handle their special needs pupils in a way that is advantageous to those individuals, and also to simultaneously manage their ‘normal’ pupils, so that accommodating pupils with special needs does not come at the detriment of ‘normal’ pupils. For fear of a lack of adequate training and understanding, perhaps, many parents of special needs children still choose to send their children to special schools: as we have seen, the proportion of special needs students being ‘mainstreamed’ (i.e., taught within the framework of a ‘mainstream’ school, not a special school) has not been significantly affected by recent legislation, as the vast majority of parents of special needs children are still choosing to send their children to special schools and not to send them to mainstream schools (OFSTED, 2004). In terms of the success of policies to promote the inclusion of pupils with special educational needs and disabilities since 1997, then, as has been seen, these policies were introduced as a way in which to further the New Labour Government’s ideas about social inclusion, but have, in practice, been ill thought out, in terms of the actual provision of support and training for teachers and teaching assistants who are actually involved, on a day-to-day basis, with teaching mainstreamed special needs pupils. Thus, whilst there is a case to be made for inclusion with regards to special educational needs and disabled pupils, particularly in terms of the social benefits of this practice for the special needs children, there have been insufficient resources devoted to making these policies work in practice, in terms of generating a collaborative atmosphere which would foster sharing of resources and expertise, between mainstream and special schools, for example. Both MacBeath et al. (2006) and OFSTED (2004) found that when mainstreaming does works, it works only because of the extreme dedication of the individual teachers involved, not because there is a framework in place to ensure that inclusion works in practice. Such was the gravity of the situation as recorded by MacBeath et al. (2006) that their report concluded with an urgent need for inclusive practice, including a â€Å"radical re-appraisal of†¦the contradictions inherent in the interface of standards and inclusion agendas†. References BBC (2006). School inclusion ‘can be abuse’. Tuesday 16th May 2006. DfES (1997). Excellence for All Children – Meeting Special Educational Needs. DfES (1998). Meeting Special Educational Needs – A Programme of Action. DfES (2001). Inclusive Schooling. DfES (2002). Special Educational Needs Code of Practice. DfES (2003a). Every Child Matters. DfES (2003b). Together from the start: practical guidance for professionals working with disabled children and their families (birth to 3 years). DfES (2004). Removing Barriers to Achievement – The Government’s Strategy for SEN. Disability Rights Task Force (1999). From Exclusion to Inclusion. Dyson, A. (2003). Special needs, disability and social inclusion – the end of a beautiful friendship? In Norwich, B. (ed.) (2003). Disability, disadvantage, inclusion and social inclusion. Henry, J. (2004). Inclusion policy fails children with special needs. The Telegraph 25th September 2004. HMSO (1995). Disability Discrimination Act HMSO (1996). Education Act HMSO (2001). Special Educational Needs and Disability Act HMSO (2005). Disability Discrimination Act MacBeath, J. et al. (2006). The Costs of Inclusion. University of Cambridge Faculty of Education. Norwich, B. (ed.) (2003). Disability, disadvantage, inclusion and social inclusion. OFSTED (2004). Special educational needs and disability: towards inclusive schools.

Global Politics in the 23rd Century Essay -- Ecnomics Economy Essays

Global Politics in the 23rd Century The Earth of the turn of the 23rd century has a tri-polar global power arrangement. The traditional balance of power has been upset by the decline of oil; this was an eventuality everyone knew was coming but no one did anything about. The tremendous growth of China and India, among other places, created a supply shortage worse than anyone predicted. The subsequent and fairly sudden loss of petroleum as an affordable and, later, existent energy source led to international economic collapse and opened the door for a new international paradigm. The first immediate result after this collapse was a shift in the Middle East. Having lost oil both as a revenue source and as a cause for intervention by outside states, the region had newfound drive towards two goals: the first was a more appropriate political reorganization and the second was scientific resurgence. The Peoples’ Islamic Republics (the plural in the title was retained to emphasis the union of many, though the term ‘Republic’ was used purely as a rhetorical device) was eventually created to fill the void the collapse of oil created. This is a communist state based on the principles of Islamic communism as formed during the middle 21st century. This form of communism is not at all Marxist, Maoist, or Leninist, but is based on the religion of Islam particularly emphasizing Islam’s pillars of community and community assistance. There is not an oppressive state. Various levels of religious leaders largely carry out the roles of a government. These leaders are answerable in turn to a religious Caliph-like leader who is elected among the local leaders. Redistribution of wealth is accomplished through this system but in actuality much o... ... influential in attempting the area’s resurgence. Policy is driven by the Confederated Congress in Beijing and the member states have less and less autonomy to determine their own futures. The basic world situation is thus that there are three superpowers, each drastically different and each searching for its place in a new world order. Other nations do, of course exist, and can be influential figures regarding trade and alliances, but the three superpowers, only two of whom are really interested in expansion and conflict, drive the international scene. This scene has expanded into a space race for resources to drive the power that made the Anglicans so powerful. The main source of conflict at the turn of the 23rd century is that struggle in near outer space for control of prime radiation collection points and the supply routes back to Earth.

A Palaeo Environmental Assessment Of Sediments

This palaeo-environmental Reconstruction is based upon utilizing a multi-proxy attack to analyze lake deposits. The lake of Wuxu-hai prevarications in the Province of Yunnan, southwest China ( figures 1 and 2 ) and consists of a individual basin mensurating 1.7km2 situated at an height of 3630m a.s.l. It is thought that Wuxu-hai Lake was formed by glacial procedures during the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) . At present, the catchment lies in a sub-alpine flora belt situated at 250m below the current treeline. The flora is chiefly comprised of cone-bearing wood ( Pinus, Picea and Abies ) , deciduous and evergreen Quercus. The country above the current treeline is dominated by grassland steppe. 1.2. Materials, Methods and Techniques In 2008 a 6.5 m nucleus was extracted from the Centre of Wuxu-hai Lake and sub-sampled at a declaration of 2cm, utilizing a multi-proxy attack, affecting a assortment of lithological and biological techniques. Vegetation screen Reconstruction within the lake catchment is inferred from alterations in the pollen concentrations of species over clip ( Pinus, Quercas, Artemisia and Poaceae ) . Loss on Ignition ( LOI ) has been carried out to find the organic content of the nucleus. Furthermore, Mineral Magnetic Analysis ( Xlf ) has taken topographic point in order to find the entire magnetic composing of the majority deposit. Finally, Micro Charcoal analysis ( grains/cm3 ) has been used to uncover counts of micro wood coal, supplying a record of past fire events within the catchment. Figure 1: Map exemplifying the Figure 2: Detailed map of Yunnan States of China. Province ( approx 380,000km2 ) . 2. ) Chronology Radiocarbon dating was carried out on 12 equally separated subdivisions of the nucleus utilizing a assortment of different stuffs. The natural 14C ages can non be straight used as a calendar day of the month. This is because the degrees of atmospheric 14C have non remained changeless during the span of clip that can be radiocarbon dated. Therefore, the natural 14C ages BP have been calibrated at 1 sigma and expressed as a mid point value ( Cal yr BP ) to give accurate calendar old ages. ( table 1 ) . Depth Material 14C Age ( uncalibrated ) Cal year BP ( 2 sigma ) Standard Error Median Age ( Cal yr BP ) Calender Year 72.25 Wood 8001 Â ± 50 8698 – 9011 0.979567 8854.5 Â ± 50 6904.5 80.25 Shell 7899 Â ± 65 8587 – 8987 1 8787 Â ± 65 6837 130.5 Wood 9211 Â ± 39 10253 – 10443 0.858516 10348 Â ± 39 8398 142.5 Leaf 9555 Â ± 55 10702 – 11109 0.991144 10905.5 Â ± 55 8955.5 151.5 Leaf 10018 Â ± 27 11329 – 11629 0.959505 11479 Â ± 27 9529 225.5 Majority 8742 Â ± 125 9535 – 10160 1 9847.5 Â ± 125 7897.5 268.5 Seed 13571 Â ± 33 15800 – 16546 1 16173 Â ± 33 14223 307.5 Leaf 14258 Â ± 54 16618 – 17438 1 17028 Â ± 54 15078 359.5 Wood 14723 Â ± 67 17285 – 18083 1 17684 Â ± 67 15734 431.5 Wood 16216 Â ± 41 19228 – 19484 1 19356 Â ± 41 17406 501.5 Shell 12321 Â ± 78 13994 – 14734 1 14364 Â ± 78 12414 629.5 Majority 18921 Â ± 102 22238 – 22638 1 22438 Â ± 102 20488 Table 1: Chronology tabular array exemplifying calibrated 14C AMS day of the months for WX1-08 nucleus. On-line standardization was calculated utilizing Calib Executive Version 5.0.2 package ( Stuiver and Reimer, 1993 ) . The tabular array besides illustrates the carbon 14 ages, standard mistake values, deepnesss of stuffs dated, type of stuff, uncalibrated and graduated day of the months. 3. ) Age-depth Model Figure 3: Age-depth theoretical account covers the period from 22.438 cal year BP – nowadays. Age deepness theoretical account Using the information illustrated in table 1, an age-depth theoretical account was created for the nucleus. However, it is necessary to province that when making the age-depth theoretical account, two of the original informations points were removed ( Table 2 ) . Depth Material 14C Age ( uncalibrated ) Cal year BP ( 2 sigma ) Standard Error Median Age ( Cal yr BP ) Calender Year 225.5 Majority 8742 Â ± 125 9535 – 10160 1 9847.5 Â ± 125 7897.5 501.5 Shell 12321 Â ± 78 13994 – 14734 1 14364 Â ± 78 12414 Table 2: Table exemplifying the 2 values that were considered anomalousnesss. The majority and shell stuffs, which were at deepnesss of 225.5 and 501.5 within the nucleus sample represented significantly lower median ages than the information points above them. This instantly became apparent when plotting them on the age-depth theoretical account as their average ages ( Cal yr BP ) represented obvious anomalousnesss. These values were removed from the age-depth theoretical account. Figure 4: Four zones have been interpreted from the magnetic susceptibleness values. These values indicate mineral magnetic belongingss which can be used to set up alterations in rates of deposit which can so deduce alterations in clime or alterations is the energy of the clime around the catchment ( Dearing, 1986 ) . The four zones stretch across all placeholders leting a multi-proxy probe in which palaeo Reconstruction is based on the integrating of grounds from all the beginnings. Entire organic C Pinus Quercus Artemisia Poaceae Loss-on-Ignition Charcoal Magnetic Susceptibility Percentage ( % ) Percentage ( % ) Percentage ( % ) Percentage ( % ) Percentage ( % ) Grains Per Gram Xlf 9517 13371 16376 19033 20827 22105 Entire organic Silicate Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 5. ) Data reading 5.1. ) The undermentioned subdivision is an reading of the dataset in order to bring forth a paleoenvironmental history for Wuxu-hai Lake. Comparisons to local and regional datasets will be made throughout to measure larger-scale forms that could be related to climatic alterations. Proxy Inference Pinus Tree ( Pine ) Coniferous Grows at High heights ( Upland tree ) Cool conditions, precipitation Poor, coarse textured dirts pollen-analytical oscillations Temporal alterations in flora screen ( vegetation belt displacements ) Treelines: climatically sensitive transitional zones Ecological alterations Not all workss produce same measures of pollen Quercus Tree ( Oak ) Deciduous and Evergreen Grows at lower lifts than Pinus ( Valley braid ) Better dirts than Pinus Artemisia Herb/Shrub Grows at lower lifts than Pinus Warm conditions, prohibitionist Steppe environment Gramineae Grass Occurs in a broad assortment of environments Chiefly grassland steppe ( above treeline ) Loss on Ignition Organic content of sample Charcoal Record of past fire events Magnetic Susceptibility Geology, dirt procedures, deposit tracts, pollution, biological conditions ( Thomas and Goudie, 2000 ) Erosion rates and beginning of deposits Table 3: Summary of Proxies measured and how they can be used for palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction. 5.2. ) Zone 4: ( 635.75cm-500cm ) 22,500 Cal yr BP-20,000 Cal year BP ( approx ) At the beginning of this period Artemisia concentrations experience a big addition and disconnected lessening which is so followed by a steady overall addition to the terminal of this period. This steady overall addition is besides apparent from the Poaceae concentrations. However, the Pinus concentrations, which continually fluctuate during this period, illustrate an overall lessening. The Quercus concentrations fluctuate but remain at a relatively low degree throughout this period. These pollen concentrations suggest that the treeline was sing a progressive diminution in height during this period, leting an increased growing in highland grasses above the treeline. This causes increased Artemisia and Poaceae concentration which, in bend, would show that the catchment country was sing ice chest temperatures than antecedently. Yu et al. , ( 2003 ) survey utilizing a digest of lake records across China illustrated that cold, wet conditions were experienced in western China, before the LGM, produced by a lessening in vaporization due to a low temperature on land and an addition in precipitation. Towards the terminal of the zone the Pinus concentrations experience a rapid lessening to much lower values than old. The degrees of wood coal besides lessening. At this point the Poaceae and Artimisia concentrations demonstrate a rapid addition. This suggests that the treeline retreated to even lower heights within the catchment country, where it was sing even colder conditions than earlier and increased precipitation. During this clip Yan et al. , ( 2007 ) illustrated glacial-induced downward migrations of alpine species ( Pinus ) in cardinal and west of Yunnan Province. The magnetic susceptibleness signal demonstrates multiple fluctuations throughout this period. However, more specifically, it is apparent that the signal high spots a autumn in the mineral magnetic belongingss of the deposit at the terminal of this period. This lessening in the mineral magnetic signal indicates a alteration in the rates of deposit, perchance due to reduced rates of dirt eroding within the catchment. 5.3. ) Zone 3: ( 500cm-360cm ) 20,000 Cal year BP -18,000 Cal year BP ( approx ) All pollen concentrations fluctuate greatly during this period showing the environmental volatility that was being experienced within the catchment. The Pinus pollen diagram demonstrates that several periods of rapid reduced concentrations take topographic point, in between several periods of rapid increased concentrations. This suggests that during this period of environmental volatility the treeline height was continually fluctuating as a consequence of a series of cold stages within the catchment. These continual fluctuations in treeline height are besides apparent from the Artemisia and Poaceae concentrations. As the Pinus concentrations quickly decrease due to a decrease in treeline height and hence tree screen, the Artemisia and Poaceae concentrations quickly increase, due to an expansion of grassland countries situated above the treeline. Therefore, it is clear that this period represents an unstable clime which was continually switching between cold and warm stages. Throughout this period there is a continued fluctuation in the magnetic susceptibleness signal. However, the fluctuations occur at lower values than antecedently seen in zone 4. It is apparent that at the terminal of this zone there is a sudden important autumn in the magnetic susceptibleness signal. It appears that this lessening may be associated with the Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) . The timing of the LGM in China is problematic. However many writers place the LGM at 18,000 BP. Equally good as the autumn in the magnetic susceptibleness signal, it is evident from the pollen diagrams that at this clip there are immediate big lessenings in Artemisia and Poaceae concentrations and, after a lag period, big additions in Pinus and Quercus concentrations. This big addition in tree pollen within the catchment demonstrates that the treeline increased in height as a consequence of clime betterment leting a short lived enlargement of forest countries. Walker ( 1986 ) explains that after the LGM, the flora began to react really shortly after or every bit shortly as deglaciation left surfaces available. 5.4. ) Zone 2: ( 360cm-210 ) 18,000 Cal yr BP-13,700 Cal year BP ( approx ) At the beginning of this period the treeline was at its topmost bound, about 18,000BP. However, after 18,000BP terrible diebacks of treeline occur, this is apparent when the concentrations of Pinus and Quercus all of a sudden experience a important lessening. The Er Yuan lake dataset from Yunnan provides grounds to propose that average one-year temperature, at about 18,000-17,000 BP, may hold been 4'C below current temps ( Walker,1986 ) . The cold conditions experienced at Er Yuan may hold besides been experienced at Wuxu-hai which would explicate the terrible dieback of the treeline. From this point onwards the concentrations of Pinus and Quercus fluctuate until about 11,500 BP. Poacea concentrations remain between 0 and 20 ( grains/gram ) but besides fluctuate until about 11,500. A lake nucleus dataset from Xi Hu, Yunnan, highlighted a period between 15,000-10,500 BP which demonstrated a fluctuating clime with periods of intense seasonality ( Shaomeng et al 1986 ) . The fluctuation s in all pollen concentrations evident in the nucleus may so correlate to this period of intense seasonality experienced at Xi Hu. However, a high declaration spelethem record from two caves in sou'-west Yunnan demonstrate that the Indian Monsoon varied significantly during the period of last deglaciation, resembling other East Asiatic monsoon records, such as those from Hulu and Dongge Caves ( Cai et al. , 2006 ) . Therefore, the fluctuations in all pollen concentrations evident in the nucleus during this period could be related to the fluctuations in Monsoonal strength. Artemisia concentrations experience a important extremum at about 15,600 BP. This extremum may be attributed to the same cold-semi humid conditions which were experienced at Xi Hu between 17,000-15,000 BP ( Shaomeng et al 1986 ) . The Artimisia concentration so diminish where they excessively continue to fluctuate until about 11,500 BP. These fluctuations highlight a period after the LGM but before 11,500 BP during which short lived but complex vegetal alterations were taking topographic point. Walker ( 1986 ) highlights a similar fluctuation period within the Er Yuan lake dataset, between 14,000-10,500 BP, and states that this was the most vegetationally complex period. However, these fluctuations have no antagonistic portion in the Kunming lake dataset exemplifying the complexness of local clime alterations in Yunnan. Directly after the LGM the magnetic susceptibleness signal increases back to similar values that were present during zone 4. A strong extremum in the magnetic susceptibleness signal is apparent within this zone, about 16,700 BP. This may bespeak a alteration in deposit such as an inflow of tephra into the catchment country or Aeolian dust from desert parts in the North. However, this strong extremum in the magnetic susceptibleness signal is matched with reduced degrees of Pinus and Quercus concentrations which may bespeak that the environment within the catchment became unstable, impacting tree growing. 5.5. ) Zone 1: ( 360cm-0cm ) 13,700 Cal yr BP-Present ( approx ) This zone demonstrates a important extremum in wood coal concentrations at a deepness of 144cm, about 11,000BP. This addition is likely to stand for a big fire event within or around the catchment country. At the same clip there is a lessening in Quercus, Artimisia and Poaceae concentrations which imply that these countries within the catchment were affected by the fire. Around this clip Xi Hu experienced multiple vegetal and climatic events which were attributed to the Pleistocene-Holocene passage ( Shaomeng et al 1986 ) . However, this appears to hold no resemblance in Wuxu-hai, perchance due to the effects of the fire event. The Quercus, Artimisia and Poaceae concentrations so continue to worsen until 120cm, about 10,300, when Artimisia and Poaceae concentrations within the catchment addition. The pollen diagrams besides indicate that, at about 9,500 BP, the flora within the catchment begins to make a period of comparative stableness. No more rapid fluctuations in flora screen occ ur. The Xi Hu dataset besides illustrates the fact that after 10,500 there is no grounds of climatic alteration ( Shaomeng et al 1986 ) . Vegetation alteration after this period is largely of the order of accommodations within units. At a deepness of 100cm, about 9600 BP, the pollen diagrams demonstrate a gradual addition in concentrations of all pollen types. Menghai, Er Yuan and Kunming lake datasets attribute this addition, by about 10,000 BP, to the clime nearing modern values ( Walker, 1986 ) . At a deepness of 50cm, about 7,400BP Artemisia and Quercus concentrations demonstrate a steady lessening whereas Pinus and Poaceae concentrations remain stable. These comparatively stable concentrations demonstrate a displacement towards a new balance, closely similar to that of today and highlight the terminal of the environmental volatility which was apparent in the old zones. The Er Yuan and Kunming dataset besides indicate that by 10,500-7500 average one-year temperature and rainfall had reached degrees similar to today ( Walker, 1986 ) . The entire organic C concentration within this period indicates a important addition at a deepness of 50cm, about 7,500 BP, bespeaking a rapid inflow of organic affair into the lake at this clip. 6. ) Decision Having described climatic alterations at Wuxu-hai catchment which history for the proxy accommodations it is apparent that the period between about 22,500 BP – nowadays, is by and large dividable into, a clip before 13,500 BP when the clime form was complex, through a move towards progressively simplicity taking to a new stableness. However, it is indispensable to understand that this is a simplification of the many complex alterations that were taking topographic point throughout this period. Comparisons with other local and regional datasets have highlighted the fact that the paleoenvironmental history at Wuxu-hai has several comparings with the Er Yuan and Xi Hu lake datasets. However, the Kunming dataset comparings are non as clear. As Xiwen and Walker ( 1986 ) explain, there is a great assortment of local climes bring forthing vegetal differences, sometimes even on opposite sides of the same vale.