Chemistry of Chocolate Essay

Chocolate is made from the cacao bean. According to Rodney Lipson, â€Å"Cacao has been a cultivated crop for at least three thousand years, probably quite a bit more. The people who first utilized Cacao were the inhabitants of what is now Venezuela† (Lipson) This group of people would eventually spread the cacao bean in northwestern South America. Cacao was clearly highly valued by these people and they spread it northward through trade with their neighbors. It was probably the Maya, over 1500 years ago, who brought Cacao to Yucatan in what is now Mexico. The Aztecs who got Cacao from the Maya, used Cacao in a number of ways, one common way was as a bitter spice in food and possibly also as a base for pasta or bread, but the most well-known way that Cacao was as a drink. While the Maya drank Chocolate hot, the Aztecs seem to have often taken it cold. The Aztecs called the drink, and apparently the bean as well, Xocoatl. From this word comes the pan-European word Chocolate. When Europeans first made contact with the Aztec civilization, Cacao was being cultivated and used extensively. The Spanish Conquistadors quickly noticed the benefits of Chocolate and used it to keep their armies marching long distances with little food. From the Aztecs the Spanish took it to Europe. Chocolate was widely used in Catholic countries after 1569 when Pope Pius V declared that Chocolate, the drink, did not break the fast, despite the hearty nutritional aspects of Chocolate† (Lipson). Chocolate continued to be moved from country to country through trade and exploration. Soon chocolate found its way into America, and according to Lipson, â€Å"In 1900 Milton Snavely Hershey, a Mennonite from Pennsylvania, began producing milk-chocolate bars and â€Å"kisses† with great success. He was anti-alcohol and saw Chocolate as a good, profitable alternative. His empire grew even larger during World War I, when Milton Hershey encouraged the US Army to add four Hershey bars to each soldiers daily ration† (Lipson). Because of Hershey, chocolate was now affordable for everyone, and his methods of making chocolate are still used today. Peter’s chocolate tells us that chocolate is made by, â€Å"storing the cacao beans in silos or warehouse. These rooms are well aired, kept at cool temperature and the humidity regularly checked. Before the production stage, the beans are sorted and cleaned. Cocoa does not acquire the richness of its color and the fullness of its flavor until it is roasted. The degree of care given to this operation has considerable influence on the ultimate quality of the end product – either cocoa powder or chocolate. When roasting is complete, the beans are cooled and their thin shells removed by a winnowing machine. The husked and winnowed beans are called â€Å"nibs†. Here’s where the first secrets of the chocolate manufacturer come in. The nibs are blended, combining as many as eight to ten varieties. It is control of these subtle mixtures that maintains a constant quality and brings out the flavor of each particular variety of chocolate. The roasted and winnowed nibs then pass through refining mills and are ground. The heat generated by grinding causes the cocoa butter or fat to melt and form a fine paste or liquid known as chocolate â€Å"liquor. † This goes to large hydraulic presses which remove most of the cocoa butter. The â€Å"cake† which is left may eventually be made into cocoa powder. The cake goes through several processes in which it is crushed, milled and finely sifted. After the cocoa paste, cocoa butter, milk, sugar and additional flavorings have been carefully weighed out in accordance with the recipe, they go into a mixer where rotating, kneading arms thoroughly mix all the ingredients. The result is a homogeneous, paste-like mixture which is already pleasant to taste, but still feels gritty to the palate. The chocolate is put in a conching machine. While in the machine, the chocolate turns over in the conching machine, a controlled amount of air ventilates the mass, allowing the full aroma and flavor to develop. The still-warm conched chocolate is placed in a tempering machine so that it can be slowly and steadily cooled. The tempering prevents separation in the chocolate when it’s filled into bar molds and hardens† (Peter’s). This results in the average chocolate bar.

John Steinbeck Common Themes

Born in 1902 in Salinas, California, Nobel Prize winner, John Steinbeck, was one of the most important writers in America during the 20th century. In his novels, East of Eden, Of Mice and Men, Cannery Row, and In Dubious Battle, Steinbeck explores what it takes for a person to find true happiness in life. Steinbeck addresses the pursuit for happiness in one’s life—the American Dream—, by questioning modern idea of it being achieved through material items and the path people take to accomplish it. Steinbeck also addresses the happiness people find in relationships and how connecting to someone can affect a person’s decisions in life. To communicate his ideas with the reader, Steinbeck creates the storyline of his novels, connecting his themes with his characters. In his novels, John Steinbeck addresses the themes of the American Dream and the importance of relationships through various characters in the stories. In his masterpiece, East of Eden, John Steinbeck’s theme of the American Dream focuses on a person’s desire to make a better life for his or her children. Adam Trask greatly portrays this theme when he tries to start an icebox business: â€Å"Adam was a fool. These know-it-all dreamers always got into trouble†¦People who inherited their money always got into trouble. And if you wanted any proof—just look at how Adam had run his ranch. A fool and his money were soon departed† (East of Eden, p. 438). In the novel, it becomes clear that Adam, among many Americans, believes strongly in the idea that money buys happiness. Adam’s yearning to gain money in his name demonstrates his plan to leave a large inheritance for Aaron and Cal, as his father had done for him and his brother. Ultimately, though, Adam’s business proves a failure, making him one of the many who have fallen to the lure of the American Dream. Furthermore, the brothel owner, Faye, also conveys the desire to create a better life for her child. She displays this theme through her adoption of Cathy: â€Å"’I have to have the money. ’ ‘No, you don’t. ’ ‘Of course I do. Where else could I get it? ’ ‘You could be my daughter†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ ‘†¦But I have to have money. ’ ‘There’s plenty for both of us, Cathy. I could give you as much as you make and more†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (East of Eden, p. 229). Faye’s lack of close friends creates a weakness in her, which Cathy uses to manipulate Faye into seeing her as a daughter figure. As displayed in the quotation, Faye’s newfound motherly sense sparks a need to provide for Cathy. To Faye’s knowledge, Cathy has lived a depressing life and Faye, being sympathetic to Cathy’s cause, wants to create a better life for her. Eventually, Cathy’s manipulation of Faye works and she receives Faye’s inheritance, fulfilling her own American Dream. The importance of relationships in East of Eden also proves to be a theme Steinbeck conveys through his characters. Adam’s brother, Charles, displays the effect relationships can have on someone when he confronts Adam about their Father’s birthday presents: â€Å"What did you do on his birthday? †¦Did you spend six bits or even four bits? You brought him a mongrel pup†¦That dog sleeps in his room. He plays with it while he’s reading. He’s got it all trained. And where’s the knife? ‘Thanks,’ he said, just ‘Thanks. ’† (East of Eden, p. 30). In this quotation, Charles demonstrates the absence of a relationship between him and his father. Although it becomes evident in the novel that Charles’ father does love him, he chooses not to display it, forming the idea in Charles’ mind that no one loves him. Because of his feelings, Charles becomes jealous of Adam, whom their father openly displays affection towards. This draws in Charles an upmost hatred of his own brother, which Charles uses to harm Adam: â€Å"The footsteps came close, slowed, moved on a little, came back. From his hiding place Adam could see only a darkness in the dark†¦Charles raised the match and peered around, and Adam could see the hatchet in his right hand† (East of Eden, p. 1). In this quotation, Charles tries to kill his own brother. As a confused youth, Charles sees killing his brother, whom gets all the affection from their father, as a way to justify the neglect he receives from his father. Charles provides a perfect example of the importance a relationship has, and how not having one can bring out the darkest part of on e’s personality. Whereas he used East of Eden to focus on the American Dream of one’s desire to make a better life for his or her children, Steinbeck uses Of mice and Men to focus on the unachievable aspect of the American Dream. In the novella, George and Lennie convey this theme through their reassurance that they will not have to tend to someone else’s ranch and will soon have there own: â€Å"’O. K. Someday—we’re gonna get the jack together and we’re gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs and—‘ ‘An’ live off the fatta the lan’,’† (Of Mice and Men, p. 13). Throughout the novella George repeats this line more often and it even acts as one of the few things Lennie remembers. It appears the more times they reassure themselves of this dream, the more it shifts from reality to fantasy. This dream also catches the imagination of other characters in the novel, one being Crooks. Crooks, who naturally does not believe in the luxury of dreaming, becomes transformed by Lennie’s thinking: â€Å"’†¦If you†¦guys would want a hand to work for nothing—just his keep, why I’d come an’ lend a hand’† (Of Mice and Men, p. 73). This quotation suggests every American succumbs to the idea of the American dream. This quotation also suggests the characters that have dreams of a brighter future, like Candy, George, and Lennie, would have nothing without them. Ultimately, through multiple examples in the novel, Steinbeck suggests the American dream acts more of as a motivator rather than a reality. While Steinbeck uses George and Lennie to convey the unachievable American Dream, he also uses them to convey the importance of relationships. Friendship plays a major role in the story development, greatly affecting the actions of George and Lennie. George demonstrates this theme’s effect on him when he talks to Lennie about sticking together: â€Å"‘where the hell could you go? †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢How’d you eat. You ain’t got sense enough to find nothing to eat. ’ ‘I’d find things, George. I don’t need no nice food with ketchup. ’†¦George looked quickly and searchingly at him. ‘I been mean, ain’t I? ’ (Of Mice and Men, p. 11-12). At first, it seems George regretfully carries the burden of taking care of Lennie, but, when studied further, George sees Lennie more o f as a friend instead of a burden. In this quotation, George displays his friendship when he acknowledges his harshness after he yells at Lennie. George’s friendship with Lennie also becomes evident at the end of the novella where Georges execution of Lennie demonstrates an act of kindness on behalf of their friendship. George, instead of letting Curley give him a long, painful death, gives Lennie a short and painless one. Additionally, the theme of friendship also affects Lennie when he recites part of George and his dream of owning a ranch: â€Å"But not us! An’ why? Because†¦because I got you to look after me and you got me to look after you, and that’s why. ‘†¦we’re gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs and—‘ ‘An’ live off the fatta the lan’’† (Of Mice and Men, p. 13). This quotation suggests Lennie needs George or else his dream will not be a believable accomplishment. This suggestion helps conclude that Lennie sees George as his friend and guide through life, and, without him, Lennie will no t know what to do with himself or where to go any longer. In Cannery Row, Steinbeck compares the change in the American Dream from the pursuit of happiness to the pursuit of material success. Steinbeck conveys the original meaning of the American Dream through Mack and his boys: â€Å"Mack was the elder, leader, mentor, and to a small extent the exploiter of a little group of men who had in common no family, no money, and no ambitions beyond food, drink and contentment† (Cannery Row, p. 13). Mack and his boys are an example of Americans who understand and are fulfilling what the American Dream originally was: the pursuit of happiness. In the novel, Mack and his boys are in a debt to Lee Chong—which he knows they will never repay—and still happy with the lives they live. Also, Mack and his boys only work when they need necessities to live like food, clothing, or shelter, proving a person does not need to be materially successful to be happy with their lives. While Mack and the Boys are an example of the original American Dream, the Malloys are an example of the changed American Dream. The Malloys demonstrate their need for money to be happy through their longing for more material items: â€Å"Mrs. Malloy had been contented until her husband became a landlord and then she began to change. First it was a rug, then a washtub, then a lamp with a colored silk shade†¦Mr. Malloy sat up on the mattress. ‘Curtains? ’ he demanded. ‘What in God’s name do you want curtains for? ’† (Cannery Row, p. 47). At first, the Malloys started out as homeless people, but then moved into a broken down boiler in between Lee Chong’s and the Bear Flag restaurant. After they had a home and were content, they decided to gain more money by renting out their housing pipes to men as sleeping quarters. Unlike Mack and his boys who gain money for necessities, the Malloys gain money just for having more money and buying unnecessary material things like rugs or silk lampshades, or curtains. Ultimately, Steinbeck proves the original concept of the American Dream can still exist, but the natural greed of humans to want more weakens it. Like Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck uses Cannery Row to examine the affects a developing friendship can have on a person. Characters that convey this theme are Doc and Frankie. The unlikely pair display their friendship when Doc goes to retrieve Frankie from the police station after he gets arrested for robbing a jewelry store: â€Å"‘Frankie—you shouldn’t have done it,’ said Doc. The heavy stone of inevitability was on his heart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœFrankie,’ he said, ‘why did you take it? Frankie looked a long time at him. ‘I love you,’ he said. Doc ran out and got in his car and went collecting in the caves below Pt. Lobos† (Cannery Row, p. 164-165). This quotation displays the strong friendship between Doc and Frankie because after Frankie’s mom denies responsibility for him, he cal ls on Doc for help. The friendship between Doc and Frankie almost mirrors the friendship between George and Lennie from Of Mice and Men. Frankie, like Lennie, is a mentally ill character that creates an unexpected friendship with Doc, a man who would seem burdened by Frankie. Like George did for Lennie, Doc tries to help Frankie in his time of need. His single mistake, alongside his mental illness, proved great enough to cloud the judgment of the police, removing from him a second chance in life Frankie only wanted to please his one and only friend, but in doing so, ruined his chances of ever having a future. Ultimately, Frankie’s friendship with Doc made him feel wanted in a society that rejected him. Furthermore, Mack and the boys and Lee Chong also convey the importance of relationships. They convey this theme when Lee rents out his old fish meal shack to the boys: â€Å"And that was the way it was. Everyone was happy about it†¦The windows were not broken. Fire did not break out, and while no rent was every paid, if the tenants every had any money, and quite often they did have, it never occurred to them to spend it at any place except at Lee Chong’s grocery† (Cannery Row, p. 15). When he gave Mack and the boys the shack, Lee not only stopped them from vandalizing his store but also found new friends in them. Although they never paid rent for living in the shack, Mack and the boys supported Lee however they were able to, even though they did not have to do anything. In the end, the friendship between Lee and Mack’s group provided Mack and the boys a shelter to call home and helped protect and improve Lee’s business. In his novel, In Dubious Battle, Steinbeck focuses on the different ways people struggle to achieve the American Dream. Jim Nolan, the first character to convey this theme, displays his struggle when he joins the â€Å"Party† in the beginning of the novel: â€Å"‘Well, why do you want to join, then? ’†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœIn the jail there were some Party men. They talked to me. Everything’s been a mess, all my life. Their lives weren’t messes. They were working toward something. I want to work toward something. I feel dead. I thought I might get alive again’† (In Dubious Battle, p. 8). Before joining the â€Å"Party† Jim’s life, like many people during the Great Depression, was rough, having lost his job and his parents. As displayed by the quotation, Jim’s purpose for joining the â€Å"Party† was to start a new life to achieve what he saw as the American Dream. During his jail time, Jim observed his fellow inmates and noticed how being in the â€Å"Party† made them happy, and in his mind, achieving happiness means to achieve the American Dream. From what he witnessed in jail, Jim sought to join the â€Å"Party† to accomplish his own idea of the American Dream. Similar to Jim’s endeavor to find happiness, the ongoing battle between the workers and the landowners of the apple orchard also demonstrates the struggle the American Dream brings. London, the voted leader of the strike, expresses this when he talks to the orchard superintendant: â€Å"London said, ‘S’pose we kick ‘em out? Do we get the money we’re strikin’ for? Do we get what we would of got before the cut? ’ ‘No; but you can go back to work with no more trouble. The owners will overlook everything that’s happened†¦You get the men back to work and you’ll get a steady job here as assistant superintendent at five dollars a day’† (In Dubious Battle, p. 101). This quotation demonstrates the struggle between London and the superintendent. As displayed by his dialogue, the superintendent makes it clear he does not care about his workers and only sees them as people he can exploit to make him money. In a way, the superintendent fulfills the requirements someone needs to achieve the American Dream of material success. Although he gets offered a high-paying job, which would allow him to achieve material success, London must still decide whether to leave his fellow workers, or to stick with them in their struggle against the landowners. Ultimately, London declines because of the tension between his poor, working-class and the wealthier class that the superintendent belongs to. While Jim Nolan was used to convey the struggle to achieve the American Dream in In Dubious Battle, Steinbeck also uses him to demonstrate the affects relationships have on individuals. Jim displays the affects relationships have on a person through his involvement with the â€Å"Party† when he takes part in the interrogation of a young boy: â€Å"Jim sat on the mattress and watched. Mac said, ‘Jim, you gave me hell about losing my head a little while ago. I’m not losing it now. ’ ‘It’s O. K. if you’re cold,’ said Jim. ‘I’m a sharpshooter,’ Mac said. ‘You feeling sorry for the kid, Jim? ’ ‘No, he’s not a kid, he’s an example’† (In Dubious Battle, p. 213). In the beginning of the novel, Jim was in search of happiness in life and in an attempt to achieve it he joined the â€Å"Party†. Jim discovers from joining the â€Å"Party† that he has found a family-like relationship among its members, something he was never able to completely have. Although Jim has found a place where he belongs, his involvement with the â€Å"Party† has affected his personality, changing from a caring and sensitive person to a cold and heartless one. Even though Jim calls Mac a cold person, his inability to consider the young boy as a human being proves him to be a cold person as well. Just as Jim’s personality had changed from joining the â€Å"Party,† Mac’s personality changes through his friendship with Jim. The scene after Mac interrogates the young boy demonstrates the affect on Mac from this friendship with Jim: â€Å"He stood still, smiling his cold smile, until London went out of the tent†¦All over his body the muscles shuddered. His face was pale and grey. Jim put his hand over and took him by the wrist. Mac said wearily, ‘I couldn’t of done it if you weren’t here, Jim. Oh, Jesus, you’re hard-boiled. You just looked. You didn’t give a damn’† (In Dubious Battle, p. 214). When Mac began his trip to the apple orchard with Jim, he had a fine line on where he stood with his personal friendship with Jim, acting mainly as Jim’s mentor. However, as Mac started to spend more time with Jim, he started to adapt Jim sensitive personality, opening up to Jim whenever he was caught in a difficult situation. Though as the storyline progressed, Jim’s change in personality started to affect Mac just as it had done in the beginning of the novel. Demonstrated by the young boy’s interrogation, as Jim became more and more cold and heartless, so did Mac. Throughout his novels, East of Eden, Of Mice and Men, Cannery Row, and In Dubious Battle, Steinbeck uses characters to convey the themes of the American Dream and the importance of relationships. By addressing his characters’ desire and struggle to achieve the American Dream, Steinbeck demonstrates the change in the American Dream from being the pursuit of happiness to the pursuit of material success. Steinbeck makes it evident in many of characters, like Mack and the boys from Cannery Row, that achieving the American Dream can fulfill happiness. Although in some cases, like George and Lennie from Of Mice and Men, where he explores the reality that the American Dream can not always be fulfilled, Steinbeck also explores the possibility that some people can accomplish the American Dream. Through his characters, Steinbeck also demonstrates the affect a relationship can have on an individual, bringing out his or her inner personalities. By having a meaningful relationship with another person, an individual has someone whom they can console with during the struggle it takes to achieve happiness. Ultimately, through meaningful relationships, individuals are given the chance to overcome the hard work it takes to accomplish the American Dream.

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Taxation and Housing Issues - Essay Example Hence, in order to understand the economic feasibility of a particular country, a close analysis of the prevailing issues on taxation and housing is necessary. This paper will critically analyze various issues pertaining to taxation and housing in the United Kingdom, United States, and United Arab Emirates. Issues relating to taxation and housing in the UK The economic spectrum of the United Kingdom indicates that taxation issues have impeded the faster growth of the country. UK holding companies have been heavily suffering from tax issues in the recent years. Corporation tax deductions are available to a UK holding company on the interest payment to investors subject to anti-avoidance policies. More details on these features can be found at . The anti-avoidance provisions including transfer pricing are increasingly complex in nature and therefore the country’s holding companies are not benefited from tax reductions. In addition, a UK holding company does not get any tax deduc tion benefit while paying dividends to investors. Similarly, the tax deductions allowed to the UK’s small scale enterprises for boosting entrepreneurship actually result in a deadweight cost. This situation adversely affects the overall growth of the economy. Over the past few years, the UK government has faced a series of issues associated with the country’s corporate tax structure. In order to resolve the limitations of its corporate tax structure, the country is changing its policy from taxing worldwide profits to a more territorial taxation approach. Irish tax issues on UK transactions remain to be a major growth impediment to the UK’s business sector. Tax evasion has been a potential issue in the UK over the last few decades, and recently the country adopted tax fraud prevention measures. When an outsider deals with purchase of real property in the UK, he has to consider a number of factors including capital gains tax, stamp duty, inheritance tax, and incom e tax. The UK housing market has been struggling with numerous issues especially since the global financial crisis 2008. As a result, even small flats are becoming unaffordable to lower class of the society. Housing sector data show that affordability of housing in the UK has been getting worse since late 1990s as house prices grew faster than earnings rate. Although most of the developed countries including the United States experienced housing price increases in the beginning of the 21st century, this issue was different in the United Kingdom in two aspects. Firstly, the country’s house prices boom began earlier as compared to other developed economies, and indicated relatively sustained increases. Secondly, the regional pattern of the country was almost uniform. As per statistical data, house prices in the United Kingdom increased by 90% between 2002 and 2007. The average age of first time home buyers is also increasing in the country. Although mortgages were increasingly available to people, mounting housing prices remains to be an issue in the country. As reported by Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (2004), an additional 39,000 houses per annum were essential to meet housing requirements of the country effectively. The primary issue behind the housing market struggle in the UK is that the country does not have enough space to build new houses. In contrast, many people possess more

Business Law Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Law Organisations - Essay Example Since â€Å"unfairly prejudicial† is not defined by the Act, this means that there are broad reasons why a minority shareholder may bring a cause of action against a corporation, which effectively negates the constraints established by Foss. This paper will examine Foss, will examine derivative actions, and will examine the Companies Act (2006), concluding that, while Section 260 of the Act does not provide shareholders with any more protection than what was had under Foss, section 994 does provide this protection. Foss v. Harbottle Even though shareholders are effective in holding directors accountable, the UK courts have a common law rule, delineated in Foss v. Harbottle (1840) 67 ER 189. In this case, two minority shareholders accused the defendants, who were the directors of a company called â€Å"Victoria Park Company,† of misapplying land, wasting land and obtaining improper mortgages, without the permission of the shareholders. The court in the Foss case dismisse d the shareholders case, stating that only the company itself has a right to sue the directors. The reasoning for this might be best stated by the court in a subsequent case, Edwards v. Halliwell [1950] 2 All ER 1064. The judge in this case states that the sound reason why minority shareholders cannot bring an action against directors is that, if there is only a minority bringing the case, it would mean that the majority of the company is in favor of what was done. Ramsay & Saunders (2006) state that there are two prongs to the Foss case – one, it established the â€Å"proper plaintiff† who is the company itself; two, it established the principle that directors should be independent and not subject to shareholder meddling into business affairs (Ramsay & Saunders, 2006). There are exceptions to the Foss rule. One is that the company did an illegal or ultra vires act. A shareholder can bring an action on this basis, because the majority cannot ratify an illegal or ultra vires act (Wedderburn, 1957; Cockburn v. Newbridge Sanitary Steam Laundry Co. [1915] 1 IR 237). Another exception is that, if the company takes an action which, in the company’s constitution, requires a â€Å"special majority† to take this action, then a minority shareholder may sue if the company takes this action in contravention to its own constitution (Black, 1983; Edwards v Halliwell [1950] 2 All ER 1064). Berkahn (1998) states that another exception is that a shareholder’s â€Å"personal rights† have somehow been infringed by the corporation, therefore that shareholder has a right to sue for his personal rights infringement (Berkahn, 1998; Pender v Lushington (1877) 6 Ch D 70). Another exception is the â€Å"fraud on the minority† exception, which means that the wrong-doers actions amounts to fraud (Lo, 2004; Atwool v Merryweather (1867) LR 5 EQ 464n). Buckley (1976) states that this last action is the only derivative action of the exceptions , as the first three exceptions involve personal actions. Therefore, according to Maloney (1986), this action is the only true exception to Foss (Maloney, 1986). Statutory Actions Although Foss limited the actions that minority shareholders can take, statutory actions have restored many of the rights of the minority. One is that the Companies Act (2006) has given shareholder permission to bring

Assign 1) Chpt 6 & 7 Assign 2) Soci DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assign 1) Chpt 6 & 7 Assign 2) Soci DB - Essay Example In the turn of old age or physical weakness, the spouse must be able to take hold of that responsibility of taking care of his or her partner, and it is only in that way that they can justify what long-term relationship means. Commitment has a particular role to play in long-term relationships. In an episode about marriage in the Oprah Show, there was one thing that she told her guests that really struck me. Oprah said that you will not be in love everyday in the entire course of your marriage and it takes your choice and effort to be in love. This is true about intimacy in long term relationships. This kind is not limited to heterogeneous relationships, because human emotions do not know any gender. What the heart feels is just the way it is, but the relationship existing between the couple, whatever their genders are, is universal. Long term relationships cannot stand with love alone, as love has the tendency to outgrow and consequently ending the emotion. Whereas if a long term-re lationship would rest in commitment, responsibility, acceptance, and respect, there is more chance for love to grow.

Close reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Close reading - Essay Example One really comes across dramatic monologue in passionate love songs as the poem appears to be at the start. By using this dramatic monologue the protagonist seems to be trying to strike a rapport with the listeners. The other thing is that this usage of the dramatic monologue in the poem allows the poet to draw the psychologically complex characters of Prufrock. At the beginning of the poem is placed an epigraph taken from Dante’s Inferno. The poet uses this epigraph to bring in a deeper understanding of the poem through the usage of context and meaning. Dante here represents the converse of what Prufrock has come to be. Unlike Dante, Prufrock repeatedly fails to be a person who has a genuine passion and emotions. In contrast the emotional and mental state of Prufrock is very much like Guido de Montefetltro on his way to the flames. Hence, very much like Guido, Prufrock here comes out as being a very isolated and wasted individual. In the poem TS Eliot has resorted to a rhyme scheme that is irregular, without being utterly random. Though in parts the poem appears to be in free verse, actually speaking the poem happens to be a combination of many types of poetic forms. Besides, in this poem Eliot has also resorted to the use of refrains like,†In the room the women come and go/Talking of Michelangelo (13-14).† This refrain is also accompanied by repeated questions asked and doubts conveyed by Prufrock. Eliot uses this poetic style in the poem to convey the disturbed mental state of a neurotic character who is Prufrock. This fragmented and discontinued poetic style allows the poet to reveal the fact that although Prufrock presents oneself as being aesthetic, actually speaking he is totally non-romantic. The state of Prufrock represents the state of emotional bonds in the modern times. Time and again in the poem Prufrock conveys his dissatisfaction with the environment amidst which he is moving. These

Investment Profile Analysis for McCormick & Company Assignment

Investment Profile Analysis for McCormick & Company - Assignment Example According to the paper findings the company also supplies for store brands that are private level items. The company’s current employee strength is around 10000 including members of its research facilities. The company’s success pillars include continuous innovation, participative management for managing workforce, quality assurance and maintenance and delivering high performance. A research on company profile suggests that the decision of participative management and empowering employees have helped the company to achieve its current position. According to the management, learning and development initiatives by the company such as Global Leadership Program, Global Learning Network and High performance Organisation has also played an important role in the company’s success.As the discussion stresses McCormick & Co. is growing at a fast pace and has become the largest spice company globally with sales value of USD 4123 millions in 2013. In the spice industry the s ize and reputation of the company matters and as a result, McCormick & Co. has a competitive advantage over its competitors. It has been observed that consumers in spice industry are price sensitive but they are equally concerned with the quality of the product. The price of MKC is comparatively high and it mainly competes with various private brands. However, the products of MKC are highly distinguished because of its substantial investment in research and development. This has helped the company in achieving high market capitalisation.

Stop Torture Essay Example for Free

Stop Torture Essay Would you authorize torturing an individual in order to save the lives of hundreds? A majority of the population would agree that sometimes torture becomes necessary. Employed during war, many civilians believe torture is justified as a method to retrieve information to save lives and many military personnel would argue that the same methods would be used against their comrades. Contrary to the majority, the use of torture is unnecessary because it harms innocent individuals, provides inaccurate information, and contradicts America’s efforts in making the world a better place. People have mixed feelings regarding the use of torture to capture terrorist or prevent terrorist attacks. Some can argue that torture is an effective method that can be used to get suspects to speak so that authorities can respond quickly. The use of torture can help soldiers retrieve valuable information from captured terrorist to prevent damage from other terrorist. Secondly, if terrorist are not limited to physical violence and acts of immortality, why should soldiers who protect innocent people be limited to nonviolent interrogation. Many will argue that terrorist are not afraid to use violence, hence, we should not be afraid either. Last but not least, why should one have empathy towards people who are intentionally causing mayhem and chaos? While these are seem as reasonable arguments to allow the use of torture, there are many consequences and drawbacks that are associated with the use of torture. There have been many instances reported where American soldiers treated other innocent Iraqi civilians in custody with inhumanity and ruthlessness, such as the infamous stories of â€Å"Abu Ghraib. Abu Ghraib has been in news articles for quite some time, and reporters have provided insight on how innocent civilians were thrown in prisons and treated with inhumanity and cruelty. The documentary Taxi to the Dark Side, written and directed by Alex Gibney, is about a taxi driver who was taken into custody at an U. S. military base in Abu Ghraib. He was stripped naked on arrival, chained to the ceiling, and beaten several times a day. After enduring five days of excruciating pain and torture, he died. One must stop and wonder why the American government at Abu Ghraib sanctioned such inhumane methods? They did not. These techniques of chaining prisoners to the ceilings, using physical violence, and waterboarding were only sanctioned in Guantanamo Bay. However, these practices migrated to Abu Ghraib without any official orders. The guards at Abu Ghraib must have reasoned that if torture was allowed in a military base, why limit these cruel methods to just one base? This misguided reasoning spreads chaos and along with it derives horrifying incidents like Abu Ghraib. American soldiers who were the guards at Abu Ghraib wanted to contribute and help their mission become succeed. For them, torture was about obtaining information from prisoners by any means necessary to help war efforts. However, the feeling of being superior to Iraqi prisoners led them to treat these innocent men like â€Å"dogs† (Gibney). In the article, â€Å"The Abolition of Torture,† author Andrew Sullivan argues that torture is not only ineffective but also morally wrong. Andrew Sullivan writes this article in response to Charles Krauthammer’s belief in the need for torture and Krauthammer defines a terrorist â€Å"an unlawful combatant. He lives outside of laws of war because he does not wear a uniform, he hides among civilians, and he deliberately targets innocents† (Sullivan). Knowing that there are many instances where innocent individuals are thrown into prisons as terrorist by government officials. What difference is there between the American government officials and terrorist if both harm innocent individuals? In order for us to sustain faith in humanity, we must treat everyone with humanity in mind; terrorist or not. The use of torture spreads like a forest fire and brings down innocent individuals with it. Another reason torture is unnecessary because it generates inaccurate information. When facing torture, prisoners will say almost anything to make the pain go away. This often leads to false information and wastes valuable time. The American government approved â€Å"waterboarding† as a method of obtaining information from prisoners immediately after September 11, 2001. In an article written by Senator John McCain, who was tortured for years as a prisoner of war during the Vietnam War, he provides an insight on the truth behind the use of torture. Senator McCain recounts conversation with CIA director Leon Panetta, Panetta stated, â€Å"None of the three detainees who were waterboarded provided Abu Ahmed’s real name, his whereabouts or an accurate description of his role in al-Qaeda† (McCain). Khalid Sheik Mohammed was waterboard 183 times, yet he did not provide any vital information that led to capturing Osama Bin Laden. This clearly demonstrates that torture is not an effective method because the results can be inaccurate and often misleading. Finally, yet most importantly, the use of torture reverses America’s efforts of making the world a better place. For a country to become an example of justice or humanity, its actions must represent its ideals. When the world hears about America’s policy on torture, it contradicts their efforts of going to third world countries to fight off terror and establish democracy. In his article â€Å"U. S. Went to the ‘Dark Side’ on Torture,† Charles C. Krulak observes that America’s policy on torture â€Å"alienated would-be allies and fueled Al Qaeda’s recruiting efforts. † Many religionist extremist and terrorist recruiters use incidents like Abu Ghraib to influence individuals to take part in terrorist activities. Children growing up in third world countries who witness instances like Abu Ghraib can easily be misguided and join terrorist camps. America’s policy on torture causes more chaos and takes away from what it means to be an American. America was founded as country for the free, brave, and ones who believe in democracy. We classify ourselves as the world police and protectors of humanity. However, our government justifies taking Iraqi civilians treating them with inhumanity and putting them through cruel and unusual punishments. Aren’t these actions forbidden by the American constitution? The American constitution is the building block for American civilization. The constitution along with the Bill of Rights not only protects the freedom of citizens of the world but also guarantees them the right to a trail. What has happened to the beliefs that founding fathers laid out for our country to follow? IF we are to set an example for justice and democracy, we must stop the use of torture. The goal of democracy is that every man should be treated equally. On the other hand, torture is an act of inflicting permanent pain and grief. Democracy and torture can never go hand in hand. Torture should never be a way to gain advantage over an individual, whether it is mental or physical. Torture is merciless, unkind, and brutal, which can also define the character of the user and becomes a part of his/her human nature to feel a sense of empowerment toward another human being, in other words â€Å"the enemy†. As a result, torture influences both sides to ongoing revenge, anger and violence. Torture served no purpose to initiate anything positive for our world today or tomorrow. Mahatma Gandhi once stated, â€Å"An eye for an eye leaves the world blind. † If the world leaders continue to exercise methods of torture, then there will be no room for the advancement of humanity. America should not use torture to fight against terrorism. As the use of torture is terminated, the world will have a chance to come together and end terrorism because the main root of terrorism is being inhumane and we should not fall in that category by using torture as our way to fight against it.

Paul Lutus Advertising Essay Example for Free

Paul Lutus Advertising Essay In his article entitled Consumer Angst written in 2007, Paul Lutus claimed that â€Å"No matter how true any single advertisement is, modern advertising, taken as a whole, tells a lie — that you need the thing being advertised. † To explain his point, Paul Lutus further claims that valuable consumer goods need not be advertised because it is a necessity by itself and no promotion is needed for it to attract and obtain sales. Moreover, he explained that the quality of the product should speak for itself and there is no need to â€Å"waste company’s money asserting the obvious†. In his above-mentioned arguments, Paul Lutus obviously focuses only on one aspect of advertising which is to sell. He missed to appreciate the other function of advertising which is to inform. Advertising, as defined by Wikipedia. org, â€Å"is the form of communication whose purpose is to inform potential customers about products and services and how to obtain and use them†. The primary purpose of advertising is to create public awareness about a certain product or service that is being advertised. It aims to communicate to the intended audience that such a product or service exists. As Taflinger (1996) claims â€Å"the basic purpose of advertising is to identify and differentiate one product from another in order to persuade the consumer to buy that product in preference to another. † Advertising is usually used to create a unique image that will be identified to a product or service. The message that is being communicated usually highlights the best features of the product – its uniqueness, usability, best characteristics, etc. – that will customer’s attention to it. After providing information on the product or service features, advertising’s goal is to entice customers to try out the product. It is therefore safe to claim that the end-goal of any advertisement is to generate sales in terms of product or service. However, while it is true that every advertising campaign is aimed at generating revenue for the brand that is being advertised, it is not proper to claim that all advertisements are lies. Even premium brands such as Nike, Armani, Prada and others do advertise their products. These brands are sought after and have all proven to be of good quality. But these brands still invest on advertisement. Advertising has become an important part of today’s business. With new products sprouting like mushrooms everyday, competition has become stiff and advertising has taken a big role in allowing the product or service to compete in the market. In his article entitled â€Å"Educating the Consumer about Advertising: Some Issues† Stephen Gotlieb (1991) explains that advertising â€Å"promotes competition among producers of products and services, keeps prices low through the development of mass markets, encourages store owners to stock a variety of items, supports free expression by funding media sources, and spurs invention†. The more you are seen and understood by your customers, the bigger chance you have to stay in the mainstream. It is therefore important to get you message through, so that your product or service gets noticed. Or else, your offer will just perish. Also, with the competition getting tighter, advertisers today cannot afford to rely on false claims for their products of services. With a lot of other options available in the market, a single wrong claim will trigger the customer to try out other product. It is the role of advertising to entice customers and encourage them to try out the product. Once the customer is convinced with the advertising claim and decides to avail the product or service, it is now the role of the product to prove itself and embody what is being stated in the advertising claim. It is therefore crucial to communicate the message that best embodies the product. Once advertised, the product or service is already exposed to t he public eye and scrutiny. Unless the customer has already tried out the product or service, their perception of the product will depend on the advertisement. It will either make or break the future of the product or service depending on how you position the message about the product. Therefore, while an advertisement is typically used to create or alter the consumer’s perception of a product and induce them into buying it, it cannot be said that it is Always  a lie. For obvious reasons, advertisements only highlight the good side of the products or services. We cannot blame the advertisers to do this. While they are obviously banking on the good side of their offer, we cannot accuse them of telling us a lie. The beauty of advertising is it gives the customers the chance to evaluate the competing products or services even before purchasing it through the product claims.

The Electromagnetic Testing: The Eddy Current Testing

The Electromagnetic Testing: The Eddy Current Testing In modern NDT methods electromagnetic testing plays an important role. Electromagnetism is a part of ndt process. It is a process based on inducing magnetic field. The process of inducing an electric current and magnetic field or both inside a test material. Then observe the magnetic flux induced in the material. This method is based on the electromagnetism. Electromagnetism is the property of a material to get magnetic effect while an electric field applied. The main factor of this test is that the material should be a conductor. These methods give more benefits and advantages than other tests. The major tests coming under the electromagnetic testing are, Eddy current testing Flux leakage testing Alternating current field testing Remote field testing Among these techniques my topics are Eddy current testing Flux leakage testing EDDY CURRENT TESTING Eddy current testing is relatively applicable in small materials. It gives good measurements on ferromagnetic materials. The basic principles of eddy current testing are electromagnetism and permeability. More details about eddy current testing is shown in the coming pages. FLUX LEAKAGE TESTING Flux leakage is another electromagnetic tesing.It is widely used. Electromagnetism is the basic principle of flux leakage testing. This method is most commonly used in pipe lines and storage tanks. After inducing magnetic field we are able to analyzing the defects through instruments. Other electromagnetic techniques are, ALTERNATING CURRENT FIELD MEASUREMENT ACFM methods are used to detect surface breaking cracks. This method can be applied to both magnetic and nonmagnetic materials.ACFM method is based on the electromagnetism and these entirely different from eddy current method.ACFM method gives us more benefit than other methods. It does not need the removal of paintings and coating.ACFM technique is more advanced testing than dye pentrant testing and magnetic particle testing. The main advantages of ACFM tastings are Able to work on coatings No need to cleaning more Does not require equipment shut down High speed inspection REMOTE FIELD SENSING METHOD RFT is the commonly used electromagnetic method in ndt. Remote field testing method also joined with eddy current testing is named as remote field eddy current testing. But in practically there are many difference shows between eddy current testing and remote field testing.RFT technique is mainly used to find out the thickness of the ferromagnetic material tube walls. Here RFT shows more sensitivity than eddy current testing. The main principle of RFT is the electromagnetism. In RFT, the probe contains transmitter zone and receiver zone. The remote field shows more coupling to the exciter coil and receiver coil. The main advantages of RFT are, High sensitivity Give accurate measurements from sheets and plates. Ability to inform internal defects Detect defects from the ferromagnetic tubes EDDY CURRENT TESTING Eddy current testing is used in a variety of industries to find defects and also measurements. Major use of eddy current testing is for defect detection when the nature of the defect is well understood. Naturally the method is used to test relatively small area and the probe design and test parameters must be established with a good understanding of the flaw that is to be detected. Eddy current testing only used to detect surface and near surface defects. In thin materials such as plates and sheets, eddy currents can be used to measure the thickness of the material. This shows eddy current is useful for detecting corrosion damage and other damage that causes a thinning of the material. The method is used to make corrosion thinning measurements on aircraft skins and in the walls of tubing used in assemblies such as heat exchangers. Eddy current method is also used to find the thickness of paints and other coatings. Eddy currents are varied with respect to the electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability of materials. So eddy current testing can be used to arrange materials and also find which heat treatment applied to the material. It is the main advantage and use of eddy current testing method. In Eddy current testing different probes or transducers are used. Compare to other testing methods eddy current testing shows many advantages and applications. Transducers used in eddy current testing is depend upon the properties and size of the material. PRINCIPLES In eddy current testing the major principles are, Electromagnetism Permeability ELECTROMAGNETISM The main principle of eddy current testing is the à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“electromagnetismà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢. This states that à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“when an electron is passing through a conductor, a magnetic field induced on the conductor perpendicular to the axis. The same effect happens in a copper wire while alternating current passing through it. When the alternating current expands then the magnetic field also expands. The magnetic field obtained through electro magnetism is similar to the bar magnet. PERMEABILITY Permeability is also relating to the electromagnetism. It is also called as magnetic permeability. Permeability is ability to permeable. It is a constant of proportionality exists magnetic induction and magnetic field intensity. Permeability of some materials has been change according to the temperature changes and magnetic induction. PRINCIPLE OF EDDY CURRENT TESTING IMAGE-1 NB: COURTESY TO MARKTEC FROM MARKTCC.CO PRACTICAL METHOD Eddy current testing is used in different sectors for fin out the thickness and used to check the material losses in different materials. The cause of material loss is corrosion. It mainly used in thin sheets, plates and also in aircraft components. On the impedance plane, thickness variations exhibit on the eddy current signal response as a subsurface defect. Except that the signal represents a void of different size and depth. Due to this the phase rotation should be same and the amplitude should be greater. In the device the lift-off curves for different areas of taper wedge can be produced by nulling the probe in the air and touching it to the various surfaces at various locations of thee tapered wedge. A comma shaped curve is formed while a line is drawn between the end points of the lift-off curves. In the second stage the comma shaped curve path is traced on the screen when the probe is scanned down the length of the tapered wedge. So that the entire range of thickness values are measured. The important thing is that the depth of penetration of the eddy currents must cover the range of thickness being measured. Then a frequency is selected that produces standard depth of penetration at maximum thickness. Lower frequency is needed for getting high penetration. Due to the probe impedance is more sensitive to changes in electrical conductivity. So electrical conductivity cannot be phased out and is important to verify the conductivity of below the region of low level. If testing need more penetration single coil probe, reflection type probe and transformer probes are used based on configuration. Small diameter probe coils has the efficiencies to give very high sensitivity. EDDY CURRENT TESTING ON A BORE IMAGE-2 NB: COURTESY TO: BAM.DE TFROM BAM.DE EDDY CURRENT INSTRUMENTS In industries various eddy current instruments are used. Analog and digital display instruments are mainly used. Classification of eddy current instruments is based on the display used for presenting the data. The main display types are, Analog meter Digital readout Impedance plane Time vs. signal amplitude PROBES USED In eddy current testing a variety of probes or transducers are used. The probe classification is based on the configuration and mode of operation. The main probes are, Absolute probe Differential probes Reflection probes Hybrid probes Surface probes Bolt hole probes Bobbin probes Encircling coils WORKING OF A PROBE IMAGE-3 NB:COURTESY TO DAVISLABUS TO DAVISLABUS.COM CODES AND STANDARDS USED IN ECT BRITISH STANDARD BS 3683(PART 5) =Eddy current flaw detection glossary. BS 3889 (PART20) =Automatic eddy current testing of wrought steel tubes. BS 3889(PART213) =Eddy current testing of nonferrous tubes. BS 5411(PART3) =Eddy current method for measuring coating thickness of conductive coatings on nonmagnetic base materials. AMERICAN STANDARD ASTME 243=Eddy current testing of seamless copper and copper alloy tubes. ASTME 309=Eddy current examination of steel tubular products using magnetic saturation. ASTME 1033=Eddy current examination of type F continuously. The main advantages and disadvantages are, ADVANTAGES Ability to detect small cracks Find surface and near surface cracks High sensitivity Equipment is portable High accuracy Able to inspect on irregular shapes Economically adjustable DISADVANTAGES The material should be a conductor The Skilled and trained person needed Depth of penetration has some APPLICATIONS USES Eddy current testing is applicable in different sectors. The main applications are, Crack detection Material thickness measurement Coating thickness measurement Conductivity measurement Material identification Hest damage detection 2. ELECTROMAGNETIC FLUX LEAKAGE TESTING Magnetic flux leakage is an important method in NDT process. Magnetic flux leakage method can be used to detect the circumferential cracks on the stainless steel and metal losses in ferromagnetic materials. It is widely used in tubes and heat exchangers for find out the discontinuities. The major principle of magnetic flux leakage testing is the electromagnetism. During MFL inspection a magnetic field induced on the material. This property of material is termed as electromagnetism. MFL tools consist of two or more bodies while inspecting tubes and complicated material models. The main body is named as magnetizer with magnets and others are batteries and electronics.MFL tool is able to find sensor readings based on either the distance of tool travelled or on increment time. In flux leakage examination of tubular parts three types of defects can be detected. They are longitudinally oriented, transversely oriented, silvers. Magnetic flux leakage testing has some limitations in sizing the capacity of defects. In compare with eddy current testing magnetic flux leakage testing shows more sensitivity and advantages. In magnetic flux leakage testing method of tubular products both outside and inside diameter defects can be detected but generally they cannot be distinguished. WORKING PRINCIPLE The main principles of electromagnetic flux leakage are, ELECTROMAGNETISM The main principle of MFL is that electro magnetism. This states that when electron is passing through a material a magnetic flux induced on the conductor. The magnetic field should be perpendicular to the axis. An electromagnet is an object, which acts like a magnet and its magnetic effect created and controlled by electricity. HALL EFFECT Some Hall Effect sensors are used in electromagnetic flux leakage testing. Hall Effect is the production of a voltage difference across an electrical conductor, transverse to an electric current in the conductor and a magnetic field perpendicular to the current. PERMEABILITY Permeability is also related to the electromagnetic field. It is the ability to become permeable. Permeability changes occur in some material with temperature changes and magnetic induction. PRACTICAL METHOD Magnetic flux leakage testing was used earlier because eddy current cannot detect subsurface defects in ferromagnetic test material. In such a situation a common technique using encircling coils but them sometimes inconvenient while using in internal coils. Flux leakage testing is used at steel mills and fuel mills for getting correct measurements without errors. When ferromagnetic material that is free from defects is magnetized, then an unbroken flux field flows through the object material. The magnetic flux flows through between its poles. Next the flux density decreases towards the outer material surfaces and a detector of flux leakage testing would pick up a very weak signal from the surfaces. However, if the surface is interrupted by a discontinuity, poles are formed at opposite sides of the resulting gap. Then the flux lines flow externally from the north to South Pole. The flux leakage lines are detected by a transducer or probe passing over the discontinuity and signal is displayed. Disturbance of the materials original flux lines also extends under the discontinuity and if the material wall is thin itself, a discontinuity on wall surface may be detected from the opposite wall. After getting the signals from the detector we have to find out the length, thickness and measurement about the defect through monitoring.MFL gives us to the ability to detect the surface and subsurface defects. FLAW DETECTION USING FLUX LEAKAGE IMAGE-4 NB: COURTESY TO FARREL.CO FROM FARREL.CO.ID CODES AND STANDARDS USED IN MFL BRITISH STANDARD BS 6072 =Magnetic particle flaw detection. BS 4489 =Automatic black light measurement. BS 5044 (PART) =Forged and stamped crank shafts. AMERICAN STANDARD ASTME 709=Magnetic particle inspection practice. ASTME 1251=Indications in ferrous castings. ASTME 570=Flux leakage examination of ferromagnetic steel tubular products ADVANTAGES OF MFL 1. Able to detect surface and subsurface defects 2. It is a simple method 3. High sensitivity 4. Easy measurement 5. No need to remove the coatings DISADVANTAGES OF MFL 1. Surface contamination not detectable. 2. Works only with ferromagnetic materials. 3. Difficult to measure deep depts. 4. Skilled and trained person needed. APPLICATIONS OF MFL 1. Bars transverse and tilted effects. 2. Tubes longitudinal defects. 3. Pressure vessels 4. Heat exchangers 5. Power plants CONCLUSION EDDY CURRENT TESTING In this project contains an explanation of eddy current testing. The main concept is the understanding of basic theories and working methods of eddy current testing. The second thing is to describe the advantages and disadvantages and also describe the applications. This method is used in different industry sectors for getting accurate measurements and to find out the discontinuities for increasing the safety and production. So eddy current testing is a method which gives good sensitivity and accurate measurements. ELECTROMAGNETIC MFLUX MLEAKAGE the performance of MFL testings.MFL testing can be carried out only in ferromagnetic materials. It can be applicable in coated and non coated ferromagnetic materials.MFL is used in the inspection of tube and piping to find unwelded areas of longitudinal joints. It also a most useful method in plate materials, storage tanks and also to find other forms of degradation In this project also describes the magnetic flux leakage testing in NDT.This study is used to understand. REFERENCE 1. GOOGLE 2. NDT.NET 3. WWW.MARKTEC.CO.JP 4. WWW.BAM.DE 5. DAVISLABS.COM 5. FARREL.CO.ID

Biography of Billy Graham and His Accomplishments in His Career :: Billy Graham Religion Evangelism Essays

Biography of Billy Graham and His Accomplishments in His Career "This is the Hour of Decision with Billy Graham, coming to you from Minneapolis Minnesota" Billy Graham, has preached to more than 210 million people through a live audience, more than anyone else in history. Not only that, but Mr. Graham has reached millions more through live televison, video and film. This has led Billy to be on the "Ten Most Admired Men in the World" from the Gallup Poll since 1955 a total of thirty-nine times. This includes thirty-two consecutive more than any other individual in the world, placing him as the most popular American for about forty years. This essay is going to talk about Graham's personal life, and what kind of family he grew up in and im also going to talk in detail about how he became an evangelist, because I feel it is very important yet interesting. His accomplishments in the fifties are uncomparable, so I will be including a considerable amount of information concerning that topic. Finally I will be talking about his personal achievements, bo oks written, and how he has been a companion to some of the American Presidents. William Franklin Graham Jr. was born in Charlotte, North Carolina on November 17, 1918. Graham was raised on a dairy farm by William Franklin (deceased 1962) and Morrow Coffey Graham (deceased 1981). In 1943 he married his wife Ruth McCue Bell, and had four children Virginia 1945, Anne Morrow 1948, Ruth Bell 1950, William Franklin, Jr. 1952, and Nelson Edman 1958. At age eighty, he keeps fit by swimming, playing with is nineteen grand children, and from aerobic walking, in the mountains of North Carolina, where he currently lives. (Billy Graham Best Sellers, 1999) Billy Graham told Time Magazine in one article about his life before becoming a preacher. "I lived on a farm. The only difference was I had to get up early in the morning and go milk cows. When I came back from school that day, I had to milk those same cows. There were about twenty cows I had to milk. By hand. That was before they had those ma chines. I loved being a farmer. But God called me to this work that I'm in now. I knew it was God calling. I said, "Yes. I will follow what God wants me to do." And so I went to two or three schools to get education. Biography of Billy Graham and His Accomplishments in His Career :: Billy Graham Religion Evangelism Essays Biography of Billy Graham and His Accomplishments in His Career "This is the Hour of Decision with Billy Graham, coming to you from Minneapolis Minnesota" Billy Graham, has preached to more than 210 million people through a live audience, more than anyone else in history. Not only that, but Mr. Graham has reached millions more through live televison, video and film. This has led Billy to be on the "Ten Most Admired Men in the World" from the Gallup Poll since 1955 a total of thirty-nine times. This includes thirty-two consecutive more than any other individual in the world, placing him as the most popular American for about forty years. This essay is going to talk about Graham's personal life, and what kind of family he grew up in and im also going to talk in detail about how he became an evangelist, because I feel it is very important yet interesting. His accomplishments in the fifties are uncomparable, so I will be including a considerable amount of information concerning that topic. Finally I will be talking about his personal achievements, bo oks written, and how he has been a companion to some of the American Presidents. William Franklin Graham Jr. was born in Charlotte, North Carolina on November 17, 1918. Graham was raised on a dairy farm by William Franklin (deceased 1962) and Morrow Coffey Graham (deceased 1981). In 1943 he married his wife Ruth McCue Bell, and had four children Virginia 1945, Anne Morrow 1948, Ruth Bell 1950, William Franklin, Jr. 1952, and Nelson Edman 1958. At age eighty, he keeps fit by swimming, playing with is nineteen grand children, and from aerobic walking, in the mountains of North Carolina, where he currently lives. (Billy Graham Best Sellers, 1999) Billy Graham told Time Magazine in one article about his life before becoming a preacher. "I lived on a farm. The only difference was I had to get up early in the morning and go milk cows. When I came back from school that day, I had to milk those same cows. There were about twenty cows I had to milk. By hand. That was before they had those ma chines. I loved being a farmer. But God called me to this work that I'm in now. I knew it was God calling. I said, "Yes. I will follow what God wants me to do." And so I went to two or three schools to get education.

causes of life :: essays research papers

For biologists, x-ray crystallography has always been a tricky technology. Harder than getting a good beam was growing large crystals of biological molecules-a task that's been compared to building regular structures from wiggly bits of Jello. Today, synchrotron light from facilities such as Berkeley Lab's Advanced Light Source may make it possible to use protein crystals as small as 50 microns (50 millionths of a meter) in length. The crystals themselves may also become easier to grow, thanks to a unique robotic system designed and built by Joseph Jaklevic, head of Engineering Sciences, and his colleagues in the Engineering Division's Bioinstrumentation Department. "The idea for a high-throughput combinatorial approach to crystal growth came from Peter Schultz," says Jaklevic. "The basic idea is that, instead of having to plod through all the hundreds of ways you might get a protein to crystallize, you more or less try 'em all at once." Schultz pioneered combinatorial methods as a member of the Lab's Materials Sciences Division; he recently became head of the Novartis Institute for Functional Genomics in La Jolla, California. He and his colleague Raymond Stevens of the Lab's Physical Biosciences Division saw the combinatorial approach as a natural solution to the challenge of growing protein crystals. That's because "biologists really have no idea what the best conditions are for growing crystals of a new protein," says Derek Yegian, a member of the team that built the new robotic system. "Different proteins precipitate out of solution and grow at different rates-or don't grow at all-depending on the solution's acidity, temperature, concentrations of salts, and lots of other variables. " The innovative robot above, designed and built by Joe Jaklevic and his colleagues in the Engineering Division's Bioinstrumentation Department, can automatically grow crystals of a novel protein by screening 480 different growth solutions at once. Only the very purest proteins will crystallize, and pure protein is expensive; even common commercial proteins can cost hundreds of dollars a gram. Often hundreds of combinations of variables must be tried before a novel protein can be crystallized from solution. Most trial solutions are prepared by hand at the rate of about 30 an hour, typically requiring one to 10 microliters of pure protein for 50 to 100 "coarse-screening" trials; whether a particular solution yields a crystal is apparent only days or weeks later. "Manual methods are slow and error-prone," says Yegian, and although some steps have been automated within the past few years, "commercial robots are not much better.

Proteins Essay example -- science

Proteins Proteins are the macromolecules of life. Discovered in 1838, proteins are recognized as a large number of superior organic compounds that make up living organisms and are essential to their functioning. The term protein comes from the Greek word â€Å"proteies† or â€Å"primary†. Proteins have many different properties and function in a variety of ways. They can function as a building material, in teeth, bones and muscles, and they can serve as enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Its functions are the most diverse of any family. Whether found in humans, animals, plants or in single-celled bacteria, proteins are made of units of 20 different amino acids. Proteins consist of macromolecules called polypeptides, made from monomers called amino acids. Proteins have hundreds, thousands, or sometimes even millions of these amino acids. These amino acids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. Some proteins consist of only single polypeptides. In most cases it involves two or more combined polypeptides, sometimes with other small organic molecules or metal ions. The most basic level of protein structure, called the primary structure, is the linear sequence of amino acids. Different sequences of the acids along a chain, however, affect the structure of a protein molecule in different ways. Protein’s secondary structure often contains long stretched out chains of amino acids called strands that line up together to make sheets. These are called beta strands and the sheets are called beta-pleated sheets. A protein may contain either or both alpha helices and beta pleated sheets. Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets are joined by less clear structures often grouped together under the name of coil. Some small proteins may be made of coil. Shape is also important. Proteins are coiled and twisted, giving it a unique shape. The shape depends on the sequence of the amino acids, which can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Those that are hydrophilic want contact with water and will be twisted to maximize contact. Those that are hydrophobic are twisted in such a way to minimize contact. Changing one amino acid in the polypeptide sequence can destroy this shape and make the protein function improperly if not at all. A very important function that proteins can serve are to act as catalysts. Enzymes are organic catalysts ma... ... cells their shape and as well as parts of the linkages that stick cells together into tissues and organs. So, the sequence of amino acids in all proteins is genetically determined by the sequence of nucleotides in cellular DNA. So basically Proteins are basic constituents in all living organisms. They are complex molecules composed of amino acid and necessary for the chemical processes that occur in living organisms. Proteins are sometimes referred to as macromolecular polypeptides because they are very large molecules and because the amino acids of which they are composed are joined by peptide bonds. The vast majority of the proteins found in living organisms are composed of only 20 different kinds of amino acids, repeated many times and strung together in a particular order. Each type of protein has its own unique sequence of amino acids. Also each protein makes every living organism different. Bibliography: 1. Proteins, Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia, 1989 Volume 15, pg.576. 2. www.biotech.imcb.edu.com 3. http://www.faseb.org/protein.html 4. â€Å"Proteins†. SceinceDaily.à ¾2000 à ¾www.sceincedaily.com 5. â€Å"Proteins†. Britannica Online 2000 à ¾www.britanncia.com

The Challenge Of Defining Media And Technology In Teaching

Media has many definitions runing from â€Å" a peculiar signifier of communicating † as in â€Å" print versus picture † to â€Å" the industry that provides intelligence and amusement † as in â€Å" the media. † For the intents of this Literature Review media is defined as â€Å" all agencies of communicating, whatever its format † ( Reid, 1994, p. 51 ) . In this sense, media include symbol systems every bit diverse as print, artworks, life, sound, and gesture images. Similarly, engineering has many definitions runing from â€Å" the application of the scientific method to work out jobs as in ‘the engineering of infinite geographic expedition ‘ † to â€Å" the things or procedures which embody cognition or trade within a civilization as in ‘the engineering of composing ‘ . † Within this study, engineering is defined as â€Å" any object or procedure of human beginning that can be used to convey media. † In this sense, engineering includes phenomena every bit diverse as books, movies, telecasting, and the Internet. With regard to instruction, media are the symbol systems that instructors and pupils use to stand for cognition ; engineerings are the tools that allow them to portion their cognition representations with others. The confounding of media ( a symbol system ) with engineering ( a bringing system for media ) is improbable to travel off in popular discourse about instruction any clip shortly, but the differentiation between media and engineering must be clarified every bit unequivocally as possible if their impact is to be understood. The undermentioned quotation mark from the Sixth Edition of the Encyclopedia of Educational Research ( Alkin, 1992 ) clarifies this differentiation: Computer-based engineerings can non be regarded as â€Å" media, † because the assortment of plans, tools, and devices that can be used with them is neither limited to a peculiar symbol system, nor to a peculiar category of activities†¦ †¦ In this visible radiation, â€Å" the computing machine † is in fact a â€Å" many-sided innovation † of many utilizations, a symbolic tool for doing, researching, and believing in assorted spheres. It is used to stand for and pull strings symbol systems – linguistic communication, mathematics, music – and to make symbolic merchandises – verse forms, mathematical cogent evidence, composings. ( Salomon, 1992, p. 892 ) Salomon ‘s ( 1992 ) of import differentiations between media as symbol systems and engineerings as tools or vehicles for sharing media will be used throughout this paper Research shows that pupils learn more when they are able to interact with their instructors and their schoolmates and schoolroom engineering as stated by AACC Cerkovnik would assist to better the talks. Online tutorials, picture based categories. Smart classrooms cost between $ 19,000- $ 25,000. Training and aid would be needed to guarantee that this is a success though. Community College Journal Oct/Nov 2008 Before undertaking undertakings, pedagogues should 1 ) feel comfy utilizing engineering to learn, 2 ) understand the significance of civilization and the most effectual and appropriate ways to analyze it, and 3 ) employ didactically sound schemes for steering pupils in project-based acquisition experiences and easing coaction with instructors and pupils in international schoolrooms done through the whole procedure of making an on-line coaction. On-line instruction can ease, instructors can brainstorm collaborate portion success narratives and job solve and exchange thoughts and engage in Teacher Mentoring. Teacher mentoring is realized through the development of a personal relationship between new instructors and other professionals to add value to instruction. In our Caribbean Society we may happen that this is non frequently possible so instructors normally have to come up with originative solutions toward learning pupils and promoting larning while besides taking on the other duties that go along with the learning profession. The traditional schoolroom is expected to include a Television, DVD, a camera and a projector. A touch screen interfaces that individuals could utilize a touch screen so that they are able synergistic show of information and synergistic whiteboards to utilize in the schools. Even traveling online can increase a individual ‘s use of synergistic online larning environment. Maddux ( 1998 ) says that the ground that engineering has been unsuccessful in the schoolroom is that a ) it is caused by a deficiency of fund B ) those changed by attitudinal alterations. Research shows that pupils learn more when they are able to interact with their instructors and their schoolmates and schoolroom engineering as stated by AACC Cerkovnik would assist to better the talks. Online tutorials, picture based categories. Smart classrooms cost between $ 19,000- $ 25,000. Training and aid would be needed to guarantee that this is a success though. Community College Journal Oct/Nov 2008MANAGING Student Academic Work can besides help in the controlling of inappropriate behavior.Most inappropriate behaviour in schoolrooms that is non earnestly riotous and can be managed by comparatively simple processs that prevent escalation. Effective schoolroom directors pattern accomplishments that minimize misbehavior and the pattern and usage of engineering in the schoolroom can do this a world. When pupils ‘ attending are engaged it makes it less likely for them to desire to be involved in other unproductive activities. It now makes it easier for the instructor to ai rt the pupil to what the remainder of the category should be making ( This could besides hold the consequence of being a distraction from the usual chalk/whiteboard and speak methods that are traditional in the execution of learning in the schoolroom ) – More serious, riotous behaviours such as combat, uninterrupted break of lessons, ownership of drugs and stealing require direct action harmonizing to school board regulation.Basic rules of schoolroom clip direction allows us to acknowledge that allowing pupils take over lets them take the enterprise to be antiphonal to the schoolroom moral force in group activitiesThe instructor nevertheless must ever be the usher assisting the pupils to work through whatever jobs that that your estimation is low.In schoolrooms, the most prevailing positive effects are intrinsic pupil satisfaction ensuing from success, achievement, good classs, societal blessing and acknowledgment. This is why societal networking sites such as MySpace, Facebook and Twitter are every bit of import as they contribute widely to the whole construct of societal acknowledgment.While congratulations used efficaciously can increase a pupil ‘s assurance and therefore their public presentation it must be express ed in a genuineness, and must be hone in on a specific quality of a kid. Technology helps the kid to detect the quality that they may hold determined to be missingTechnology in our busy mundane lives help us to salvage clip. Can you conceive of a life without microwaves and autos. One in which we have to walk mundane to travel to our assorted finishs? This may look merely the impossible. While many may look to be against the usage of telecasting and the computing machine as primary agencies to replacing learning in the schoolroom this may non ever be a negative. The following shows us some grounds: Dorr ( 1992 ) indicates that most kids in the USA position less than 30 proceedingss of telecasting a hebdomad in school whereas their place telecastings are on about seven hours per twenty-four hours! Why is n't telecasting used more widely in instruction? The instructor plays the major function in make up one's minding what happens in the schoolroom, and every bit long as instructors experience trouble in previewing picture, obtaining equipment, integrating plans into the course of study, and associating telecasting programming to assessment activities, telecasting screening will go on to be comparatively rare in schoolrooms. It besides seems likely that the widespread public belief that telecasting has damaging effects on development, acquisition, and behaviour will go on to restrict telecasting integrating within most schoolrooms beyond that of a comparatively modest auxiliary function. aˆ? There is no conclusive grounds that telecasting stultifies the head. aˆ? There is no consistent grounds that telecasting additions either hyperactivity or passiveness in kids. aˆ? There is deficient grounds that telecasting sing displaces academic activities such as reading or prep and thereby has a negative impact on school accomplishment. The relationship between the sum of clip spent sing telecasting and achievement trial tonss is curvilineal with achievement lifting with 1-2 hours of telecasting per twenty-four hours, but falling with longer sing periods. aˆ? The research grounds indicates that sing force on telecasting is reasonably correlated with aggression in kids and striplings. aˆ? Most surveies show that there are no important differences in effectivity between unrecorded instructor presentations and pictures of instructor presentations. aˆ? Television is non widely in schoolrooms because instructors experience trouble in previewing picture, obtaining equipment, integrating plans into the course of study, and associating telecasting programming to assessment activities. The findings refering the impact of computer-based direction ( CBI ) in instruction can be summed up as: aˆ? Computers as coachs have positive effects on larning as measured by standardised accomplishment trials, are more motivative for pupils, are accepted by more instructors than other engineerings, and are widely supported by decision makers, parents, politicians, and the populace in general. aˆ? Students are able to finish a given set of educational aims in less clip with CBI than needed in more traditional attacks. aˆ? Limited research and rating surveies indicate that incorporate larning systems ( ILS ) are effectual signifiers of CBI which are rather likely to play an even larger function in schoolrooms in the foreseeable hereafter. aˆ? Intelligent tutoring system have non had important impact on mainstream instruction because of proficient troubles built-in in constructing pupil theoretical accounts and easing human-like communications. Overall, the differences that have been found between media and engineering as coachs and human instructors have been modest and inconsistent. It appears that the larger value of media and engineering as coachs remainders in their capacity to actuate pupils, addition equity of entree, and cut down the clip needed to carry through a given set of aims.Learning â€Å" With † Media and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Computer-based cognitive tools have been deliberately adapted or developed to work as rational spouses to enable and ease critical thought and higher order larning. Examples of cognitive tools include: databases, spreadsheets, semantic webs, adept systems, communications package such as teleconferencing plans, online collaborative cognition building environments, multimedia/hypermedia building package, and computing machine scheduling linguistic communications. In the cognitive tools attack, media and engineering are given straight to scholars to utilize for stand foring and showing what they know. Learners themselves function as interior decorators utilizing media and engineering as tools for analysing the universe, accessing and construing information, forming their personal cognition, and stand foring what they know to others The foundations for utilizing package as cognitive tools in instruction are: aˆ? Cognitive tools empower scholars to plan their ain representations of cognition instead than absorbing representations preconceived by others. aˆ? Cognitive tools can be used to back up the deep reflective thought that is necessary for meaningful acquisition. aˆ? Cognitive tools enable aware, disputing larning instead than the effortless acquisition promised but seldom realized by other instructional inventions. aˆ? Ideally, undertakings or jobs for the application of cognitive tools will be situated in realistic contexts with consequences that are personally meaningful for scholars. aˆ? Using multimedia building plans as cognitive tools engages many accomplishments in scholars such as: undertaking direction accomplishments, research accomplishments, organisation and representation accomplishments, presentation accomplishments, and contemplation accomplishments.â€Å" Learning From † and â€Å" Learning With † Media and Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .There are two major attacks to utilizing media and engineering in schools: pupils can larn â€Å" from † media and engineering, and they can larn â€Å" with † media and engineering ( Jonassen & A ; Reeves, 1996 ) . Learning â€Å" from † media and engineering is frequently referred to in footings such as instructional telecasting, computer-based direction, or incorporate larning systems ( Hannafin, Hannafin, Hooper, Rieber, & A ; Kini, 1996 ; Seels, Berry, Fullerton, & A ; Horn, 1996 ) . Learnin g â€Å" with † engineering, less widespread than the â€Å" from † attack, is referred to in footings such as cognitive tools ( Jonassen & A ; Reeves, 1996 ) and constructivist acquisition environments ( Wilson, 1996 ) . Regardless of the attack, media and engineering have been introduced into schools because it is believed that they can hold positive effects on instruction and acquisition. The intent of this study is to sum up the grounds for the effectivity and impact of media and engineering in schools around the universe. ( A restriction of this study is that the huge bulk of the published research on the effectivity of media and engineering in schools was conducted in English-speaking states such as Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. ) Research surveies refering the impact of these different attacks will be presented in the following two subdivisions of this study. But first, it is necessary to clear up what is meant by the footings â€Å" media † and â€Å" engineering † within the context of instruction. regarded as incorrect ; medium is preferred. ( Berube, 1993, p. 846 )The Importance of Media and Technology in Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .One ground for the attending being paid to media and engineering in instruction reflects commercial or corporate involvements. Although printed stuff continues to be â€Å" the dominant medium format † in schools ( Molenda, Russell, & A ; Smaldino, 1998, p. 3 ) , a recent Presidential study in the USA recommends that â€Å" at least five per centum of all public K-12 educational disbursement in the United States ( or about $ 13 billion yearly in changeless 1996 dollars ) should be earmarked for technology-related outgos†¦ . † Still another ground for the focal point on media and instruction stems from crisp dissensions about the value of media and engineering in instruction. Enthusiastic indorsements of new media and engineerings in instruction are easy to happen in intelligence studies, political addresss, and other beginnings. Many of these announcements seem overly-optimistic if non inflated. See this quotation mark from Lewis Perelman ‘s 1993 book titled School ‘s Out: Because of the permeant and powerful impact of HL ( hyperlearning ) engineering, we now are sing the disruptive coming of an economic and societal transmutation more profound than the industrial revolution. The same engineering that is transforming work offers new larning systems to work out the jobs it creates. In the aftermath of the HL revolution, the engineering called â€Å" school † and the societal establishment normally thought of as â€Å" instruction † will be as disused and finally nonextant as the dinosaurs. ( p. 50 ) A typical illustration of this comes from the present Government of Trinidad and Tobago ‘d want to give free laptops to SEA pupils in the center of September 2010. However, despite such rhetoric and other, more conservative, optimism expressed in the popular imperativeness and authorities paperss, there are besides many sceptics and a few vocal critics of media and engineering in instruction. A recent screen narrative of The Atlantic Monthly entitled â€Å" The Computer Delusion † illustrates a critical position of engineering in instruction, get downing with this opening sentence: There is no good grounds that most utilizations of computing machines significantly better instruction and acquisition, yet school territories are cutting plans – music, art, physical instruction – that enrich kids ‘s lives to do room for this doubtful panacea, and the Clinton Administration has embraced the end of â€Å" computing machines in every schoolroom † with credulous and dearly-won enthusiasm. ( Oppenheimer, 1997, p. 45 ) . One would believe that the plans such as the Arts and the music will be what the pupils will most likely want to acquire involved with as these countries are more synergistic. Another popular belief is that telecasting screening is damaging to the academic accomplishment of school-age kids and teens. While some surveies have reported a negative correlativity between the sum of telecasting screening and scholastic public presentation, such statistics are susceptible to misunderstandings because of step ining variables such as intelligence and socioeconomic position ( Seels et al. , 1996 ) .Undoubtedly, the most widespread belief about telecasting is that it fosters force and aggressive behaviours among kids and striplings ( Winn,Research ConsequencesThe most positive research intelligence about larning â€Å" from † telecasting can be found in the schoolroom where 40 old ages of research show positive effects on larning from telecasting plans that are explicitly produced and used for instructional intents ( Dorr, 1992 ; Seels et al. , 1996 ) . In add-on, most surveies show that there are no important differences in effectivity between unrecorded inst ructor presentations and pictures of instructor presentations ( Seels et al. , 1996 ) . More significantly, there is strong grounds that telecasting is used most efficaciously when it is deliberately designed for instruction and when instructors are involved in its choice, use, and integrating into the course of study ( Johnson, 1987 ) . Historically, surveies of the large-scale executions of instructional telecasting have shown assortedFuture NeedsUnfortunately, there is a dearth of developmental research focused on how instructors might outdo usage telecasting in the schoolroom to heighten academic accomplishment. We know that motive is an of import factor in deriving the most from any educational experience, but we do n't cognize how instructors can efficaciously actuate pupils to go to to educational telecasting. We know that feedback refering the message received ( or non received ) from telecasting is of import, but we lack clear waies as to when and how instructors should supply that feedback. And even when recommendations for utilizing telecasting in the schoolroom do be ( Stone, 1997 ) , there is small grounds that these guidelines are built-in parts of the course of study in most teacher readying plans ( Waxman & A ; Bright, 1993 ) .Learning â€Å" from † Computers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .The earliest signifiers of computer-based direction were to a great extent influenced by the behavioural psychological science of B.F. Skinner ( 1968 ) . These plans were basically automated signifiers of programmed direction. They presented information to the pupil in little sections, required the pupil to do open responses to the information as stimulation, and provided feedback to the pupil along withdifferential ramification to other sections of direction or to drill-and-practice modus operandis. Although this basic behavioural theoretical account continues to rule mainstream educational applications of computing machines such as incorporate larning systems ( Bailey, 1992 ) , interactivity in some of today ‘s most advanced applications, such as constructivist larning environments ( Wilson, 1996 ) , is based upon progresss in cognitive psychological science and constructivist teaching method ( Coley et al. , 1997 ) ( see Section Three of this study ) .Research ConsequencesThe good intelligence is that even with a chiefly behavioural teaching method, computing machines as coachs have positive effects on larning as measured by standardised accomplishment trials, are more motivative for pupils, are accepted by more instructors than other engineerings, and are widely supported by decision makers, parents, politicians, and the populace in general ( Coley et al. , 1997 ; President ‘s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, 1997 ) .Integrated Learning SystemsIntegrated larning systems ( ILS ) utilize computing machine webs to unite comprehensive educational â€Å" courseware † with centralised direction tools.. In a particular issue of Education Technology magazine devoted to ILS, Bailey ( 1992 ) asked two primary inquiries: â€Å" Why do they ( ILS ) continue to rule the school engineering market? Are they every bit effectual as the sellers claim? † ( p. 3 ) . Why are ILS so popular among pedagogues, at least those with the power to do buying determinations? Bailey ( 1993 ) and Becker ( 1992b ) depict some of the sensed advantages of incorporate larning systems that help to explicate why ILS dominate the school engineering market, Networking allows centralized direction by instructors and decision makers.The Effects of Learning with and of TechnologySalomon, Perkins, and Globerson ( 1991 ) make an of import differentiation between the effects of larning with and of engineering: First, we distinguish between two sorts of cognitive effects: Effectss with engineering obtained during rational partnership with it, and the effects of it in footings of the movable cognitive residue that this partnership leaves behind in the signifier of better command of accomplishments and schemes. ( p. 2 )Easy Learning?Cognitive tools are learner-controlled, non teacher-controlled or technology-driven. For illustration, when pupils build databases, they are besides building their ain conceptualisation of the organisation of a sphere of cognition. Cognitive tools are non designed to cut down information processing, that is, do a undertaking easier, ( Perkins, 1993 ) . The nature and beginning of the undertaking or job is paramount in applications of cognitive tools. Past failures of â€Å" tool † attacks to utilizing computing machines in instruction can be attributed mostly to the delegating of the tools to traditional academic undertakings set by instructors or the course of study. Cognitive tools are intended to be used by pupils to stand for cognition and work out jobs while prosecuting probes that are relevant to their ain lives. These probes are ideally situated within a constructivist larning environment ( Duffy, Lowyck, & A ; Jonassen, 1993 ) . Cognitive tools wo n't be effectual when used to back up teacher-controlled undertakings entirely.Multimedia as a Cognitive ToolAnother facet that we would look at is the usage of of multimedia building package Programs. Multimedia is the integrating of more than one medium into some signifier of communicating or experience delivered via a computing machine. Most frequently, multimedia refers to the integrating of media such as text, sound, artworks, life, picture, imagination, and spacial mold into a computing machine system ( von Wodtke, 1993 ) . Using comparatively cheap desktop computing machines, users are now able to capture sounds and picture, manipulate sound and images to accomplish particular effects, synthesise sound and picture, create sophisticated artworks including life, and incorporate them all into a individual multimedia presentation Multimedia presentations are prosecuting because they are multimodal. In other words, multimedia can excite more than one sense at a clip, and in making so, may be more eye-catching and attention-holding.In the cognitive tools attack, multimedia is non a signifier of direction to larn from, but instead a tool for building and larning with. Learners may make their ain multimedia cognition representations that reflect their ain positions on or understanding of thoughts. Or scholars may join forces with other scholars to develop a schoolroom or school multimedia cognition base.Research ConsequencesIdeally, undertakings or jobs for the application of multimedia building package as a cognitive tool should be situated in realistic contexts with consequences that are personally meaningful for scholars. Beichner ( 1994 ) studies on a undertaking where these conditions were met in a alone manner. The topics in this Carver, Lehrer, Connell, and Ericksen ( 1992 ) list some of the major thought accomplishments that scholars learn and use as multimedia interior decorators: Project Management Skills aˆ? Making a timeline for the completion of the undertaking. aˆ? Allocating resources and clip to different parts of the undertaking. aˆ? Delegating functions to team members. Research Skills aˆ? Determining the nature of the job and how research should be organized. aˆ? Presenting thoughtful inquiries about construction, theoretical accounts, instances, values, and functions. aˆ? Searching for information utilizing text, electronic, and pictural information beginnings. aˆ? Developing new information with interviews, questionnaires and other study methods. aˆ? Analyzing and construing all the information collected to place and construe forms. Organization and Representation Skills aˆ? Deciding how to section and sequence information to do it apprehensible. aˆ? Deciding how information will be represented ( text, images, films, sound, etc. ) . aˆ? Deciding how the information will be organized ( hierarchy, sequence ) and how it will be linked. Presentation Skills aˆ? Maping the design onto the presentation and implementing the thoughts in multimedia. aˆ? Attracting and keeping the involvements of the intended audiences. Contemplation Skills aˆ? Measuring the plan and the procedure used to make it. aˆ? Revising the design of the plan utilizing feedback. something â€Å" from † these communications. The instructional procedures built-in in the â€Å" from † attack to utilizing media and engineering in schools can be reduced to a series of simple stairss: 1 ) exposing pupils to messages encoded in media and delivered by engineering, 2 ) presuming that pupils perceive and encode these messages, 3 ) necessitating a response to bespeak that messages have been received, and 4 ) supplying feedback as to the adequateness of the response. Television and the computing machine are the two primary engineerings used in the â€Å" from † attack. The findings refering the impact of telecasting in instruction can be summed up as: aˆ? There is no conclusive grounds that telecasting stultifies the head. aˆ? There is no consistent grounds that telecasting additions either hyperactivity or passiveness in kids. aˆ? There is deficient grounds that telecasting sing displaces academic activities such as reading or prep and thereby has a negative impact on school accomplishment. The relationship between the sum of clip spent sing telecasting and achievement trial tonss is curvilineal with achievement lifting with 1-2 hours of telecasting per twenty-four hours, but falling with longer sing periods. aˆ? The preponderance of the research grounds indicates that sing force on telecasting is reasonably correlativeJournal of Research on Technology and EducationPractical Learning A Vital OpportunityBy Kate Shoesmith, Senior Manager for Policy & A ; Practice, City & A ; Guilds Centre for Skills DevelopmentEmbracing Technology in the Secondary School Curriculum: The Status in Two Eastern Secondary Schools.Karleen A Mason The Journal of Negro Education ; Winter 2007 ; Vol 76, No. 1 ; Academic Research Library pg. 5The Impact of Media and Technology in Schools A Research Report prepared for The Bertelsmann Foundation Thomas C. Reeves, Ph.D. The University of Georgia February 12, 1998Global Projects and Digital Tools that Make pupils Global scholars by Sheila Offman GershCultureQuest undertakings can be viewed at hypertext transfer protocol: //culturequest.us/sample_projects.htm, hypertext transfer protocol: //culturequest.us/teacherprojects.html, and hypertext transfer protocol: //tec hshowcase.googlepages.comTeachers mentoring other instructors: What to make and what to avoid when offering teacher supportby Christina Pomoni